{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:44:57Z","timestamp":1787028297978,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,12]],"date-time":"2018-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1528761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["216064\/E10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["216064\/E10"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the current study, ceftazidime- and ciprofloxacin-resistant\u2014or dual drug-resistant (DDR)\u2014E. coli were isolated from river Mula-Mutha, which flows through rural Pune district and Pune city. The DDR E. coli were further examined for antibiotic resistance to six additional antibiotics. The study also included detection of genes responsible for ceftazidime and ciprofloxacin resistance and vectors for horizontal gene transfer. Twenty-eight percent of the identified DDR E. coli were resistant to more than six antibiotics, with 12% being resistant to all eight antibiotics tested. Quinolone resistance was determined through the detection of qnrA, qnrB, qnrS and oqxA genes, whereas cephalosporin resistance was confirmed through detection of TEM, CTX-M-15, CTX-M-27 and SHV genes. Out of 219 DDR E. coli, 8.2% were qnrS positive and 0.4% were qnrB positive. Percentage of isolates positive for the TEM, CTX-M-15 and CTX-M-27 genes were 32%, 46% and 0.9%, respectively. None of the DDR E. coli tested carried the qnrA, SHV and oqxA genes. Percentage of DDR E. coli carrying Class 1 and 2 integrons (mobile genetic elements) were 47% and 8%, respectively. The results showed that antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and integrons were present in the E. coli isolated from the river at points adjoining and downstream of Pune city.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15061247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,12]],"date-time":"2018-06-12T10:58:32Z","timestamp":1528801112000},"page":"1247","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Antibiotic Resistance Characterization of Environmental E. coli Isolated from River Mula-Mutha, Pune District, India"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Rutuja","family":"Dhawde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Foundation for Medical Research, 84A, R.G. Thadani Marg, Worli, Mumbai 400 018, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ragini","family":"Macaden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St Johns Research Institute, 100 Feet Rd, John Nagar, Koramangala, Bangalore 560 034, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dhananjaya","family":"Saranath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Patients Aid Association (CPAA), Sumer Kendra, Mumbai 400 0018, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kayzad","family":"Nilgiriwala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Foundation for Medical Research, 84A, R.G. Thadani Marg, Worli, Mumbai 400 018, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Appasaheb","family":"Ghadge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Foundation for Research in Community Health, Pune 411007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tannaz","family":"Birdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Foundation for Medical Research, 84A, R.G. Thadani Marg, Worli, Mumbai 400 018, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Drexler, M. (2010). What You Need to Know about Infectious Disease, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"438","article-title":"Antimicrobial therapy of urinary tract infections","volume":"37","author":"Dowling","year":"1996","journal-title":"Can. Vet. 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