{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T05:20:02Z","timestamp":1784697602558,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,12]],"date-time":"2018-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1528761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004595","name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1001\/PPSK\/811087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1001\/PPSK\/811087"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The prevalence of childhood obesity is increasing at an alarming rate in Malaysia. Metabolic changes during pregnancy are critical to the development of infant adiposity, due to imbalanced adipokines production. Hence, we aimed to investigate the association of maternal serum and breast milk adipokines with infant adiposity development. The study was conducted from April 2010 until December 2012. A total of 155 healthy pregnant mothers aged 19 to 40 years were recruited during the first and second trimester in Kelantan, Malaysia. Data consisted of maternal sociodemographic details, anthropometry and clinical biochemistry analysis; and the infant\u2019s anthropometry and feeding patterns. Maternal fasting serum and breast milk samples were analysed for adiponectin and leptin levels. Data collection was performed in the second and third trimester of pregnancy, and continued with follow-up visits at birth, two, six, and 12 months postpartum. Multiple linear regression (MLR) analyses were performed to examine the associations between maternal serum and breast milk adiponectin and leptin and infant adiposity development. MLR models showed that, in the first year, as maternal serum and breast milk adiponectin increased, infant weight, BMI-for-age Z scores and abdominal circumference significantly decreased (p &lt; 0.05). Maternal serum and\/or breast milk adiponectin was associated with first-year infant adiposity development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15061250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,12]],"date-time":"2018-06-12T10:58:32Z","timestamp":1528801112000},"page":"1250","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Maternal Serum and Breast Milk Adiponectin: The Association with Infant Adiposity Development"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Marhazlina","family":"Mohamad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu 21300, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"See Ling","family":"Loy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7765-4630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Poh Ying","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8697-2940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7974-0439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kah Leng","family":"Soo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Dietetics Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamid Jan Jan","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Dietetics Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.29786","article-title":"Global prevalence and trends of overweight and obesity among preschool children","volume":"92","author":"Borghi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Institute for Public Health (2015). National Health and Morbidity Survey 2015: Volume II Non-Communicable Diseases, Risk Factors & Other Health Problems."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"121","article-title":"Nutritional Status of Children below Five Years in Malaysia: Anthropometric Analyses from the Third National Health and Morbidity Survey III (NHMS, 2006)","volume":"15","author":"Khor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Malays. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.03.058","article-title":"The adipocyte as an active participant in energy balance and metabolism","volume":"132","author":"Badman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1038\/nm788","article-title":"Adiponectin stimulates glucose utilization and fatty-acid oxidation by activating AMP-activated protein kinase","volume":"8","author":"Yamauchi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.04.005","article-title":"Adiponectin mediates the metabolic effects of FGF21 on glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in mice","volume":"17","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2010.08.002","article-title":"Obesity and leptin resistance: Distinguishing cause from effect","volume":"21","author":"Myers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2009.228","article-title":"Leptin and the control of body weight: A review of its diverse central targets, signaling mechanisms, and role in the pathogenesis of obesity","volume":"18","author":"Oswal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2005.03.008","article-title":"Maternal plasma adiponectin concentrations at 24 to 31 weeks of gestation: Negative association with gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"21","author":"Tsai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.6.1743","article-title":"Maternal hormones linking maternal body mass index and dietary intake to birth weight","volume":"87","author":"Jansson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2008.0137","article-title":"Human milk adiponectin is associated with infant growth in two independent cohorts","volume":"4","author":"Woo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Breastfeed. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5427","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-1662","article-title":"Inflammatory mediators and glucose in pregnancy: Results from a subset of the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study","volume":"95","author":"Lowe","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-2077","article-title":"Fetuses of obese mothers develop insulin resistance in utero","volume":"32","author":"Catalano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1159\/000355387","article-title":"Maternal leptin predicts adiposity of the neonate","volume":"81","author":"Josefson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Horm. Res. Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2010.05667.x","article-title":"The effects of adipose tissue and adipocytokines in human pregnancy","volume":"1205","author":"Valsamakis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S80","DOI":"10.1053\/plac.2002.0814","article-title":"Role of leptin in pregnancy\u2014A review","volume":"23","author":"Sagawa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-9-124","article-title":"Serum leptin levels in relation to circulating cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules and angiogenic factors in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia","volume":"9","author":"Molvarec","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2010.03964.x","article-title":"Effects of exercise training on maternal hormonal changes in pregnancy","volume":"74","author":"Hopkins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2010.172","article-title":"The influence of overweight and obesity on longitudinal trends in maternal serum leptin levels during pregnancy","volume":"19","author":"Misra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12593","article-title":"The relationship between moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity and insulin resistance, insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1)-system 1, leptin and weight change in healthy women during pregnancy and after delivery","volume":"82","author":"Wijden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.6.1579","article-title":"Maternal prepregnant body mass index, duration of breastfeeding, and timing of complementary food introduction are associated with infant weight gain","volume":"80","author":"Baker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1392","article-title":"Ethnic variation in adiponectin and leptin levels and their association with adiposity and insulin resistance","volume":"33","author":"Mente","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.1106","article-title":"Adiponectin is present in human milk and is associated with maternal factors","volume":"83","author":"Martin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-828X.2010.01184.x","article-title":"Relationship of adiponectin and resistin levels in umbilical serum, maternal serum and placenta with neonatal birth weight","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2013, March 09). A-Priori Sample Size Calculator for Multiple Regression [Software]. Available online: http:\/\/www.danielsoper.com\/statcalc3\/calc.aspx?id=1."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S.S., and Aiken, L. (2013). Applied Multiple Regression\/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Routledge. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203774441"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031201","article-title":"Plasma adiponectin concentrations in early pregnancy and subsequent risk of gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"89","author":"Williams","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-009-1600-8","article-title":"Low adiponectin concentration during pregnancy predicts postpartum insulin resistance, beta cell dysfunction and fasting glycaemia","volume":"53","author":"Retnakaran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2013, March 25). Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health: Abbreviations and Explanation of Terms. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/maternal_child_adolescent\/topics\/child\/nutrition\/hivif_qa\/abbrev\/en."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2015, March 31). Physical Status: The Use and Interpretation of Anthropometry. Report of a WHO Expert Committee. WHO Technical Report Series No. 854. Available online: http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/37003\/WHO_TRS_854.pdf;jsessionid=864E6A7E070387B78014BA482222E3A1?sequence=1."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2015, March 31). Anthropometry Procedures Manual, Available online: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/nhanes\/nhanes_09_10\/BodyMeasures_09.pdf."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2007.02846.x","article-title":"Maternal serum adiponectin and infant birthweight: The role of adiponectin isoform distribution","volume":"67","author":"Ong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181567ed4","article-title":"Adipokines in human milk and risk of overweight in early childhood: A prospective cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Weyermann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2009.03.007","article-title":"Maternal and child obesity: The causal link","volume":"36","author":"Oken","year":"2009","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060513476409","article-title":"Adiponectin\/leptin ratio and insulin resistance in pregnancy","volume":"41","author":"Skvarca","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2004.02120.x","article-title":"Maternal soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor type 2 (sTNFR2) and adiponectin are both related to blood pressure during gestation and infant\u2019s birthweight","volume":"61","author":"Garrido","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2005.09.007","article-title":"Maternal body size and birth weight: Can insulin or adipokines do better?","volume":"55","author":"Verhaeghe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.111154","article-title":"Effect of maternal weight, adipokines, glucose intolerance and lipids on infant birth weight among women without gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"184","author":"Retnakaran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.1.274","article-title":"Plasma adiponectin and pregnancy-induced insulin resistance","volume":"27","author":"Cseh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0001-6349.2004.0298.x","article-title":"Correlations between umbilical and maternal serum adiponectin levels and neonatal birthweights","volume":"83","author":"Chan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, N., Liu, E., Guo, J., Pan, L., Li, B., Wang, P., Liu, J., Wang, Y., Liu, G., and Baccarelli, A.A. (2013). Maternal prepregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain on pregnancy outcomes. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082310"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12132","article-title":"Gestational weight gain in relation to offspring obesity over the life course: A systematic review and bias-adjusted meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Mamun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2007.04.001","article-title":"Inflammatory mediators in gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"34","author":"Richardson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-10-0088","article-title":"Obesity, insulin resistance, and pregnancy outcome","volume":"140","author":"Catalano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E318","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00456.2002","article-title":"Fat accumulation in the rat during early pregnancy is modulated by enhanced insulin responsiveness","volume":"285","author":"Ramos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e165","DOI":"10.1542\/neo.3-9-e165","article-title":"The diabetogenic state of maternal metabolism in pregnancy","volume":"3","author":"Catalano","year":"2002","journal-title":"NeoReviews"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.7.2207","article-title":"TNF-\u03b1 is a predictor of insulin resistance in human pregnancy","volume":"51","author":"Kirwan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8227(01)00355-2","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor system in insulin resistance in gestational diabetes","volume":"56","author":"Winkler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.5.1674S","article-title":"Gestational diabetes and insulin resistance: Role in short-and long-term implications for mother and fetus","volume":"133","author":"Catalano","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2009.231","article-title":"Maternal insulin sensitivity during pregnancy predicts infant weight gain and adiposity at 1 year of age","volume":"18","author":"Hamilton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(96)90121-3","article-title":"Adipose tissue fatty acids and size and number of fat cells from birth to 9 years of age\u2014A cross-sectional study in 96 boys","volume":"45","author":"Escofet","year":"1996","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2003-0038","article-title":"Endocrine control of body composition in infancy, childhood, and puberty","volume":"26","author":"Veldhuis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802438","article-title":"Relationship between growth and feeding in infancy and body mass index at the age of 6 years","volume":"27","author":"Thorsdottir","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2006.071019","article-title":"Adiponectin and leptin in maternal serum, cord blood, and breast milk","volume":"52","author":"Weyermann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3182062fcc","article-title":"Adiponectin, AFABP, and leptin in human breast milk during 12 months of lactation","volume":"52","author":"Bronsky","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-6310.2014.222.x","article-title":"Breast milk leptin and adiponectin in relation to infant body composition up to 2 years","volume":"10","author":"Brunner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31823fde04","article-title":"Human milk adiponectin impacts infant weight trajectory during the second year of life","volume":"54","author":"Woo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3181f3457f","article-title":"Initial dietary and microbiological environments deviate in normal-weight compared to overweight children at 10 years of age","volume":"52","author":"Luoto","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"75","article-title":"Obesity\u2014Extending the hygiene hypothesis","volume":"Volume 64","author":"Isolauri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microbial\u2014Host Interaction: Tolerance versus Allergy"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801800","article-title":"Inverse association of overweight and breast feeding in 9 to 10-y-old children in Germany","volume":"25","author":"Liese","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2005.03.038","article-title":"Breastfeeding and overweight: Longitudinal analysis in an Australian birth cohort","volume":"147","author":"Burke","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-1814","article-title":"To what extent is the protective effect of breastfeeding on future overweight explained by decreased maternal feeding restriction?","volume":"118","author":"Taveras","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803260","article-title":"Duration of breastfeeding and risk of overweight in childhood: A prospective birth cohort study from Germany","volume":"30","author":"Weyermann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2010.61","article-title":"Body mass index, adiposity rebound and early feeding in a longitudinal cohort (Raine Study)","volume":"34","author":"Chivers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.02.048","article-title":"Breastfeeding and risk of overweight and obesity at nine-years of age","volume":"75","author":"McCrory","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12126","article-title":"Is breastfeeding in infancy predictive of child mental well-being and protective against obesity at 9 years of age?","volume":"40","author":"Reynolds","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1080\/17477160802453530","article-title":"Infant feeding and obesity at 11 years: Prospective birth cohort study","volume":"4","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyp274","article-title":"Does breastfeeding protect against childhood overweight? Hong Kong\u2019s \u2018Children of 1997\u2019birth cohort","volume":"39","author":"Kwok","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magalh\u00e3es, T.C., Vieira, S.A., Priore, S.E., Ribeiro, A.Q., Lamounier, J.A., Franceschini, S.C., and Sant\u2019Ana, L.F. (2012). Exclusive breastfeeding and other foods in the first six months of life: Effects on nutritional status and body composition of Brazilian children. Sci. World J., 2012.","DOI":"10.1100\/2012\/468581"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.3329\/jhpn.v30i3.12293","article-title":"Relationship between breastfeeding and obesity in childhood","volume":"30","author":"Vafa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Health Popul. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jing, H., Xu, H., Wan, J., Yang, Y., Ding, H., Chen, M., Li, L., Lv, P., Hu, J., and Yang, J. (2014). Effect of breastfeeding on childhood BMI and obesity: The China Family Panel Studies. Medicine.","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000000055"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"89","article-title":"Advances on human milk hormones and protection against obesity","volume":"59","author":"Savino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"327505","article-title":"Breast milk hormones and their protective effect on obesity","volume":"2009","author":"Savino","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2009.03585.x","article-title":"Can hormones contained in mothers\u2019 milk account for the beneficial effect of breast-feeding on obesity in children?","volume":"71","author":"Savino","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334414526950","article-title":"Programming of appetite control during breastfeeding as a preventative strategy against the obesity epidemic","volume":"30","author":"Hassiotou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hum. Lact."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-6310.2012.00071.x","article-title":"Breastfeeding during the first year promotes satiety responsiveness in children aged 18\u201324 months","volume":"7","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.3109\/17477160902763309","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying the association between breastfeeding and obesity","volume":"4","author":"Bartok","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(05)70286-8","article-title":"Bioactive factors in human milk","volume":"48","author":"Hamosh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr. Clin. N. Am"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2010.5","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of body mass index to identify obesity as defined by body adiposity: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Okorodudu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803300","article-title":"Pediatric mini review. Body mass index in children and adolescents: Considerations for population-based applications","volume":"30","author":"Must","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1080\/08035250600719754","article-title":"Rapid infancy weight gain and subsequent obesity: Systematic reviews and hopeful suggestions","volume":"95","author":"Ong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/15\/6\/1250\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:08:24Z","timestamp":1760195304000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/15\/6\/1250"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,12]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph15061250"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph15061250","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,12]]}}}