{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:44:57Z","timestamp":1787028297460,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,24]],"date-time":"2018-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1532390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000008","name":"Health Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CARA859104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARA859104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000008","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Air Health Trend Indicator is designed to estimate the public health risk related to short-term exposure to air pollution and to detect trends in the annual health risks. Daily ozone, circulatory hospitalizations and weather data for 24 cities (about 54% of Canadians) for 17 years (1996\u20132012) were used. This study examined three circulatory causes: ischemic heart disease (IHD, 40% of cases), other heart disease (OHD, 31%) and cerebrovascular disease (CEV, 14%). A Bayesian hierarchical model using a 7-year estimator was employed to find trends in the annual national associations by season, lag of effect, sex and age group (\u226465 vs. &gt;65). Warm season 1-day lagged ozone returned higher national risk per 10 ppb: 0.4% (95% credible interval, \u22120.3\u20131.1%) for IHD, 0.4% (\u22120.2\u20131.0%) for OHD, and 0.2% (\u22120.8\u20131.2%) for CEV. Overall mixed trends in annual associations were observed for IHD and CEV, but a decreasing trend for OHD. While little age effect was identified, some sex-specific difference was detected, with males seemingly more vulnerable to ozone for CEV, although this finding needs further investigation. The study findings could reduce a knowledge gap by identifying trends in risk over time as well as sub-populations susceptible to ozone by age and sex.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15081566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,24]],"date-time":"2018-07-24T11:51:38Z","timestamp":1532433098000},"page":"1566","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Air Health Trend Indicator: Association between Short-Term Exposure to Ground Ozone and Circulatory Hospitalizations in Canada for 17 Years, 1996\u20132012"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hwashin Hyun","family":"Shin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wesley S.","family":"Burr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9L 0G2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dave","family":"Stieb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada"},{"name":"School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lani","family":"Haque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harun","family":"Kalayci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Branka","family":"Jovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Smith-Doiron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.1998.3894","article-title":"Long-term ambient ozone concentration and the incidence of asthma in nonsmoking adults: The AHSMOG Study","volume":"80","author":"McDonnell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. 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