{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T14:43:15Z","timestamp":1787496195687,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,31]],"date-time":"2018-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1532995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vaccination against mumps virus (MuV) (mostly measles-mumps-rubella) is routinely performed in more than 120 countries and has resulted in a distinct decrease of mumps incidence. However, alteration of mumps epidemiology has been observed in several countries after implementation of the vaccine but is sparsely documented. Moreover, outbreaks have occurred after starting vaccination, even in highly vaccinated populations. In the former German Democratic Republic (DDR) mumps was a notifiable disease but vaccination against mumps was not implemented. In the five eastern German states forming the DDR until 1990, mumps was not notifiable until 2001. Except for the lack of reporting between 1990\u20132000, data from Eastern Germany allow analysis of mumps epidemiology after initiating the vaccination campaign. For the period from 2001 to 2016 the data show that the incidence of mumps dropped notably after initiating vaccines, and was accompanied by an increase of the median age of patients with mumps. In Eastern Germany, no outbreaks were noted, while several outbreaks occurred in Western Germany, possibly due to a lower vaccination rate. Further literature analysis revealed that outbreaks were facilitated by waning immunity and crowding. Nevertheless, although vaccination prevented infection, the course of illness, once infected, was sometimes more complicated. In comparison to non-vaccinated populations, high rates of complicated courses occurred and were marked by orchitis, due to higher age of mumps patients. Therefore, refusing vaccination against mumps increases the risk of severe courses when living in a vaccinated population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15081618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]],"date-time":"2018-08-01T03:10:01Z","timestamp":1533093001000},"page":"1618","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Mumps in the Vaccination Age: Global Epidemiology and the Situation in Germany"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Andrea-Ioana","family":"Beleni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, W\u00e4hringer G\u00fcrtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Borgmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Hospital of Ingolstadt, D-85049 Ingolstadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.09.072","article-title":"Assessment of serological evidence for mumps virus infection in vaccinated children","volume":"29","author":"Dittrich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2008). Updated recommendations for isolation of persons with mumps. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep., 57, 1103\u20131105."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800066875","article-title":"The epidemiology of mumps in the UK: A preliminary study of virus transmission, herd immunity and the potential impact of immunization","volume":"99","author":"Anderson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"3","article-title":"The incidence and outcome of mumps orchitis in Rochester, Minnesota, 1935 to 1974","volume":"52","author":"Beard","year":"1977","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2004.131681","article-title":"Epidemic of mumps among vaccinated persons, the Netherlands, 2009\u20132012","volume":"20","author":"Sane","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1819","article-title":"Genomic diversity of mumps virus and global distribution of the 12 genotypes","volume":"25","author":"Jin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1796","article-title":"Bats host major mammalian paramyxoviruses","volume":"3","author":"Drexler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2204.151116","article-title":"Cross-neutralization between human and African bat mumps viruses","volume":"22","author":"Katoh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1086\/590115","article-title":"Antibody induced by immunization with the jeryl lynn mumps vaccine strain effectively neutralizes a heterologous wild-type mumps virus associated with a large outbreak","volume":"198","author":"Rubin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) (2018, April 07). Taxonomy browser, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/Taxonomy\/Browser\/wwwtax.cgi?id=1979165."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"3","article-title":"Mumps and mumps vaccine: A global review","volume":"77","author":"Galazka","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bull. WHO"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2018.e00518","article-title":"Molecular characteristics of mumps viruses isolated in Taiwan from 2006 to 2016","volume":"4","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2018, April 10). Immunization coverage. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs378\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaao5945","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aao5945","article-title":"Vaccine waning and mumps re-emergence in the United States","volume":"10","author":"Lewnard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) (2018, April 12). Vaccine Scheduler | ECDC. Available online: https:\/\/vaccine-schedule.ecdc.europa.eu."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)91683-8","article-title":"Effect of measles, mumps, rubella vaccination on pattern of encephalitis in children","volume":"1","author":"Koskiniemi","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1086\/591196","article-title":"Mumps outbreaks in vaccinated populations: Are available mumps vaccines effective enough to prevent outbreaks?","volume":"47","author":"Dayan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1086\/520028","article-title":"Mumps outbreaks in Canada and the United States: Time for new thinking on mumps vaccines","volume":"45","author":"Peltola","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.05.012","article-title":"Enhancing global vaccine pharmacovigilance: Proof-of-Concept study on aseptic meningitis and immune thrombocytopenic purpura following measles-mumps containing vaccination","volume":"36","author":"Weibel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, A., Brown, D.W.G., Xu, W., and Jin, L. (2013). Genetic variation in the HN and SH genes of mumps viruses: A comparison of strains from mumps cases with and without neurological symptoms. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061791"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(01)00438-8","article-title":"Outbreak of aseptic meningitis and mumps after mass vaccination with MMR vaccine using the leningrad-zagreb mumps strain","volume":"20","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/31.5.978","article-title":"The risk of aseptic meningitis associated with the leningrad-zagreb mumps vaccine strain following mass vaccination with measles-mumps-rubella vaccine, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil, 1997","volume":"31","author":"Kmetzsch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03121.x","article-title":"No demonstrable association between the leningrad-zagreb mumps vaccine strain and aseptic meningitis in a large clinical trial in Egypt","volume":"16","author":"Sharma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"302","article-title":"Aseptic meningitis after vaccination against measles and mumps","volume":"8","author":"Cizman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Medindia (2018, April 16). Drug\u2014Tresivac\u20140.5ml (Measles, Mumps and Rubella (mmr) Vaccine) Price List or Costs of Medication|Medindia. Available online: https:\/\/www.medindia.net\/Drug-Price\/Measles-Mumps-and-Rubella-Mmr-Vaccine\/Tresivac.html."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Unicef.org (2018, April 28). Measles Mumps & Rubella: Technical and Supply Information note. Available online: https:\/\/www.Unicef.Org\/Supply\/Files\/MMR_Technical note.pdf."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.2745","article-title":"Effect of age on the risk of fever and seizures following immunization with measles-containing vaccines in children","volume":"167","author":"Fireman","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.140078","article-title":"Risk of febrile seizures after first dose of measles-mumps-rubella-varicella vaccine: A population-based cohort study","volume":"186","author":"MacDonald","year":"2014","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"824","article-title":"Decline of varicella vaccination in German surveillance regions after recommendation of separate first-dose vaccination for varicella and measles-mumps-rubella","volume":"186","author":"Streng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-015-0326-4","article-title":"Modelling hospitalisation ratios for febrile convulsions and severe varicella under combined measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (MMRV\u2014Priorix-TetraTM) Compared to Separate MMR + V Vaccination","volume":"38","author":"Bauchau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.1965","article-title":"Evaluation of combination measles-mumps-rubella-varicella vaccine introduction in Australia","volume":"171","author":"Macartney","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1002\/ebch.1948","article-title":"Vaccines for measles, mumps and rubella in children","volume":"8","author":"Demicheli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid. Based Child Health"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e687","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-1578","article-title":"Risk of immune thrombocytopenic purpura after measles-mumps-rubella immunization in children","volume":"121","author":"France","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021134","article-title":"Population-based study of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and autism","volume":"347","author":"Madsen","year":"2002","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.155.3.354","article-title":"Measles-mumps-rubella and other measles-containing vaccines do not increase the risk for inflammatory bowel disease: A case-control study from the vaccine safety datalink project","volume":"155","author":"Davis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/2047-9158-3-16","article-title":"Measles-mumps-rubella vaccination timing and autism among young African American Boys: A reanalysis of CDC data","volume":"3","author":"Hooker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/2047-9158-3-22","article-title":"Retraction: Measles-mumps-rubella vaccination timing and autism among young African American boys: a reanalysis of CDC data","volume":"3","author":"Hooker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-013-1784-4","article-title":"Effects of the MMR vaccination on the epidemiology of mumps in Germany","volume":"56","author":"Koch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforsch. Gesundheitssch."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1086\/528993","article-title":"Persistence of measles, mumps, and rubella antibodies in an MMR-Vaccinated Cohort: A 20-year follow-up","volume":"197","author":"Davidkin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir526","article-title":"Mumps antibody levels among students before a mumps outbreak: In search of a correlate of immunity","volume":"204","author":"Cortese","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.11.047","article-title":"Mumps infection but not childhood vaccination induces persistent polyfunctional CD8 + T-cell memory","volume":"141","author":"Emmelot","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) (2018, March 24). Home\u2014PubMed\u2014NCBI, Available online: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.075","article-title":"Measles, mumps, and rubella antibody patterns of persistence and rate of decline following the second dose of the MMR vaccine","volume":"36","author":"Seagle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1086\/605410","article-title":"Persistence of mumps antibodies after 2 doses of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine","volume":"200","author":"LeBaron","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/169.1.77","article-title":"Sustained transmission of mumps in a highly vaccinated population: Assessment of primary vaccine failure and waning vaccine-induced immunity","volume":"169","author":"Briss","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)80726-7","article-title":"Mumps outbreak in a highly vaccinated population","volume":"119","author":"Hersh","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3181d743df","article-title":"Mumps Outbreak in the Republic of Moldova, 2007\u20132008","volume":"29","author":"Schwarz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30156","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.10.30156","article-title":"Waning immunity against mumps in vaccinated young adults, France 2013","volume":"21","author":"Vygen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1301.060649","article-title":"Vaccine effectiveness estimates, 2004\u20132005 mumps outbreak, England","volume":"13","author":"Cohen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.06.069","article-title":"Mumps increase in Flanders, Belgium, 2012\u20132013: Results from temporary mandatory notification and a cohort study among university students","volume":"32","author":"Braeye","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"29","article-title":"Mumps-containing vaccine effectiveness during outbreaks in two schools in Guangdong, China, 2012","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"West. Pac. Surveill. Resp. J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.02.001","article-title":"Effectiveness of jeryl lynn-containing vaccine in Spanish children","volume":"27","author":"Castilla","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1703309","article-title":"Effectiveness of a third dose of MMR vaccine for mumps outbreak control","volume":"377","author":"Cardemil","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2017.09.024","article-title":"Emergent lineages of mumps virus suggest the need for a polyvalent vaccine","volume":"66","author":"May","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1704.101461","article-title":"Mumps complications and effects of mumps vaccination, England and Wales, 2002\u20132006","volume":"17","author":"Yung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1910.130258","article-title":"Ongoing Measles outbreak in orthodox Jewish community, London, UK","volume":"19","author":"Baugh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.03.047","article-title":"Sero-Prevalence of mumps antibodies in subpopulations subsequently affected: By a large scale mumps epidemic in Israel","volume":"29","author":"Muhsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19989","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.16.41.19989-en","article-title":"Mumps epidemic in orthodox religious low-vaccination communities in the Netherlands and Canada, 2007 to 2009","volume":"16","author":"Wielders","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.09.100","article-title":"Transmission of mumps virus from mumps-vaccinated individuals to close contacts","volume":"29","author":"Fanoy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e862","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-3451","article-title":"Effectiveness of previous mumps vaccination during a summer camp outbreak","volume":"120","author":"Schaffzin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1202865","article-title":"Mumps outbreak in orthodox Jewish communities in the United States","volume":"367","author":"Barskey","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2015.1021522","article-title":"Characteristics of a large mumps outbreak: Clinical severity, complications and association with vaccination status of mumps outbreak cases","volume":"11","author":"Schroeder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.02.035","article-title":"Mumps vaccine effectiveness in primary schools and households, The Netherlands, 2008","volume":"30","author":"Snijders","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.26642","article-title":"Outbreak-related mumps vaccine effectiveness among a cohort of children and of young adults in Germany 2011","volume":"10","author":"Takla","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1801.111178","article-title":"Mumps vaccine effectiveness against orchitis","volume":"18","author":"Whelan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.02.107","article-title":"Mumps vaccine effectiveness in highly immunized populations","volume":"28","author":"Torner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.10.020","article-title":"The Effectiveness of the mumps component of the MMR vaccine: A case control study","volume":"23","author":"Harling","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofu094","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofu094","article-title":"Mumps antibody response in young adults after a third dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine","volume":"1","author":"Fiebelkorn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofx263","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofx263","article-title":"Mumps virus nucleoprotein and hemagglutinin-specific antibody response following a third dose of measles mumps rubella vaccine","volume":"4","author":"Latner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1567","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-0177","article-title":"Impact of a third dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine on a mumps outbreak","volume":"130","author":"Ogbuanu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"1","article-title":"Use of combination measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella vaccine: Recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP)","volume":"59","author":"Marin","year":"2010","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm. Rep."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e318279f593","article-title":"Epidemiology of a mumps outbreak in a highly vaccinated island population and use of a third dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine for outbreak control\u2014Guam 2009 to 2010","volume":"32","author":"Nelson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix718","article-title":"Mumps outbreak in a highly vaccinated university-affiliated setting before and after a measles-mumps-rubella vaccination campaign-iowa, July 2015\u2013May 2016","volume":"66","author":"Shah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Robert Koch Institute (RKI) (2018, April 12). Survstat@RKI 2.0, Available online: https:\/\/survstat.rki.de\/content\/query\/create.aspx."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2015.08.011","article-title":"Laboratory-based investigation of suspected mumps cases submitted to the german national reference centre for measles, mumps, and rubella, 2008 to 2013","volume":"305","author":"Mankertz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19748","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.15.50.19748-en","article-title":"Ongoing outbreak of mumps affecting adolescents and young adults in Bavaria, Germany, August to October 2010","volume":"15","author":"Otto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2388","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268813003427","article-title":"Mumps virus infection in vaccinated patients can be detected by an increase in specific IgG antibodies to high titres: A retrospective study","volume":"142","author":"Borgmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/15\/8\/1618\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:15:32Z","timestamp":1760195732000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/15\/8\/1618"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,31]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph15081618"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph15081618","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,31]]}}}