{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:53:58Z","timestamp":1787068438621,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,9]],"date-time":"2018-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1533772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Health Group and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)","award":["FWC No ECDC\/2015\/016, Specific Contract No 1 ECD.5748"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FWC No ECDC\/2015\/016, Specific Contract No 1 ECD.5748"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Migrants, defined as individuals who move from their country of origin to another, account for 40% of newly-diagnosed cases of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the European Union\/European Economic Area (EU\/EEA). Populations at high risk for HIV include migrants, from countries or living in neighbourhoods where HIV is prevalent, and those participating in high risk behaviour. These migrants are at risk of low CD4 counts at diagnosis, increased morbidity, mortality, and onward transmission. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of HIV testing strategies in migrant populations and to estimate their effect on testing uptake, mortality, and resource requirements. Following a systematic overview, we included four systematic reviews on the effectiveness of strategies in non-migrant populations and inferred their effect on migrant populations, as well as eight individual studies on cost-effectiveness\/resource requirements. We assessed the certainty of our results using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. The systematic reviews reported that HIV tests are highly accurate (rapid test &gt;90% sensitivity, Western blot and ELISA &gt;99% sensitivity). A meta-analysis showed that rapid testing approaches improve the access and uptake of testing (risk ratio = 2.95, 95% CI: 1.69 to 5.16), and were associated with a lower incidence of HIV in the middle-aged women subgroup among marginalised populations at a high risk of HIV exposure and HIV related stigma. Economic evidence on rapid counselling and testing identified strategic advantages with rapid tests. In conclusion, community-based rapid testing programmes may have the potential to improve uptake of HIV testing among migrant populations across a range of EU\/EEA settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15081700","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,9]],"date-time":"2018-08-09T10:36:31Z","timestamp":1533810991000},"page":"1700","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["The Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of Screening for HIV in Migrants in the EU\/EEA: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Kevin","family":"Pottie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bruy\u00e8re Research Institute, 85 Primrose Ave, Annex E, Ottawa, ON K1R 7G5, Canada"},{"name":"Departments of Family Medicine &amp; Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6101-3946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamara","family":"Lotfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon"},{"name":"AUB GRADE Center, Clinical Research Institute, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lama","family":"Kilzar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Howeiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2043-7133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nesrine","family":"Rizk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elie A.","family":"Akl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon"},{"name":"AUB GRADE Center, Clinical Research Institute, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National School of Public Health, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica &amp; GHTM\/IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2825-149 Caparica, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2961-9793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beverly-Ann","family":"Biggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine\/RMH at the Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne Vic Australia, Parkville 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prinon","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bruy\u00e8re Research Institute, 85 Primrose Ave, Annex E, Ottawa, ON K1R 7G5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0262-5621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivia","family":"Magwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bruy\u00e8re Research Institute, 85 Primrose Ave, Annex E, Ottawa, ON K1R 7G5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anh","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, The University of Sydney, Campbell 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Rowbotham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, The University of Sydney, Campbell 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Pharris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 16973 Solna, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8935-749X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teymur","family":"Noori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 16973 Solna, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1521-9964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manish","family":"Pareek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7834-0572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachael","family":"Morton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, The University of Sydney, Campbell 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200104003-00002","article-title":"HIV surveillance in complex emergencies","volume":"15","author":"Salama","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Europe ECfDPaCWROf (2017). 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