{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T15:03:19Z","timestamp":1793113399310,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,28]],"date-time":"2018-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20101103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20101103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We studied the potential synergy between air pollution and meteorology and their impact on mortality in nine European cities with data from 2004 to 2010. We used daily series of Apparent Temperature (AT), measurements of particulate matter (PM10), ozone (O3), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and total non-accidental, cardiovascular, and respiratory deaths. We applied Poisson regression for city-specific analysis and random effects meta-analysis to combine city-specific results, separately for the warm and cold seasons. In the warm season, the percentage increase in all deaths from natural causes per \u00b0C increase in AT tended to be greater during high ozone days, although this was only significant for all ages when all causes were considered. On low ozone days, the increase in the total daily number of deaths was 1.84% (95% CI 0.87, 2.82), whilst it was 2.20% (95% CI 1.28, 3.13) in the high ozone days per 1 \u00b0C increase in AT. Interaction with PM10 was significant for cardiovascular (CVD) causes of death for all ages (2.24% on low PM10 days (95% CI 1.01, 3.47) whilst it is 2.63% (95% CI 1.57, 3.71) on high PM10 days) and for ages 75+. In days with heat waves, no consistent pattern of interaction was observed. For the cold period, no evidence for synergy was found. In conclusion, some evidence of interactive effects between hot temperature and the levels of ozone and PM10 was found, but no consistent synergy could be identified during the cold season.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15091856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,28]],"date-time":"2018-08-28T12:19:06Z","timestamp":1535458746000},"page":"1856","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":167,"title":["Synergistic Effects of Ambient Temperature and Air Pollution on Health in Europe: Results from the PHASE Project"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Antonis","family":"Analitis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"De\u2019 Donato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, 00147 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6413-7706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Scortichini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, 00147 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timo","family":"Lanki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Security, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), 70210 Kuopio, Finland"},{"name":"Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8457-1489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xavier","family":"Basagana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), 08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08002 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6165-3465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferran","family":"Ballester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"FISABIO, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, Universitat Jaume I, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4208-0718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Astrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Ume\u00e5 University, 90187 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Paldy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Public Health Institute, Directorate of Public Health, 1097 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathilde","family":"Pascal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health (DSE), Sant\u00e9 Publique France, 94415 Saint Maurice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2271-3568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Gasparrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine, London WC1H 9SH, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Statistical Methodology, London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Michelozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, 00147 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klea","family":"Katsouyanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences and Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, School of Population Health &amp; Environmental Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31816d652d","article-title":"Temperature and mortality in nine US cities","volume":"19","author":"Zanobetti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e318176bfcd","article-title":"Heat effects on mortality in 15 European cities","volume":"19","author":"Baccini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn266","article-title":"Effects of cold weather on mortality: Results from 15 European cities within the PHEWE project","volume":"168","author":"Analitis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. 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