{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:14:05Z","timestamp":1792804445595,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,1]],"date-time":"2018-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Health Group and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)","award":["FWC No ECDC\/2015\/016, Specific Contract No 1 ECD.5748"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FWC No ECDC\/2015\/016, Specific Contract No 1 ECD.5748"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00s9v1h75","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Migrants from hepatitis B virus (HBV) endemic countries to the European Union\/European Economic Area (EU\/EEA) comprise 5.1% of the total EU\/EEA population but account for 25% of total chronic Hepatitis B (CHB) infection. Migrants from high HBV prevalence regions are at the highest risk for CHB morbidity. These migrants are at risk of late detection of CHB complications; mortality and onwards transmission. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of CHB screening and vaccination programs among migrants to the EU\/EEA. We found no RCTs or direct evidence evaluating the effectiveness of CHB screening on morbidity and mortality of migrants. We therefore used a systematic evidence chain approach to identify studies relevant to screening and prevention programs; testing, treatment, and vaccination. We identified four systematic reviews and five additional studies and guidelines that reported on screening and vaccination effectiveness. Studies reported that vaccination programs were highly effective at reducing the prevalence of CHB in children (RR 0.07 95% CI 0.04 to 0.13) following vaccination. Two meta-analyses of therapy for chronic HBV infection found improvement in clinical outcomes and intermediate markers of disease. We identified nine studies examining the cost-effectiveness of screening for CHB: a strategy of screening and treating CHB compared to no screening. The median acceptance of HB screening was 87.4% (range 32.3\u2013100%). Multiple studies highlighted barriers to and the absence of effective strategies to ensure linkage of treatment and care for migrants with CHB. In conclusion, screening of high-risk children and adults and vaccination of susceptible children, combined with treatment of CHB infection in migrants, are promising and cost-effective interventions, but linkage to treatment requires more attention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15091898","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,3]],"date-time":"2018-09-03T10:50:51Z","timestamp":1535971851000},"page":"1898","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["The Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of Screening for and Vaccination Against Hepatitis B Virus among Migrants in the EU\/EEA: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8038-300X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel T","family":"Myran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ottawa School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Ottawa, ON K1G 5Z3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7834-0572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachael","family":"Morton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2961-9793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beverly-Ann","family":"Biggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine at the Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, and Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Veldhuijzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven 3720, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9161-7804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Castelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia 25123, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anh","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2815-9107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukas P","family":"Staub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Agbata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Preventive Medicine, Universit\u00e4t Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08193, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prinon","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre, Bruy\u00e8re Research Institute, Ottawa,  ON K1R 7G5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manish","family":"Pareek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8935-749X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teymur","family":"Noori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm 169 73, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Pottie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bruyere Research Institute, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1R 7G5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2015). 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