{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:21:14Z","timestamp":1792804874498,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,25]],"date-time":"2018-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research institute for Convergence of biomedical science and technology (30-2015-34), Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital","award":["30-2015-34"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30-2015-34"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04kgg1090","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this research was to identify the differences in the incidence of symptomatic cervical and lumbar disc herniation according to age, sex, and national health insurance eligibility. We evaluated the hospital documents of patients who received medical treatment for symptomatic cervical and lumbar disc herniation between 2004 and 2010 and excluded those who claimed to have expenses at oriental medical clinics or pharmacies. Furthermore, any duplicate documents from the labor force population aged 20\u201369 years were excluded from the analysis. The results showed that the number of individuals diagnosed with symptomatic cervical and lumbar disc herniation increased with age, and the incidence of these diseases was higher in women than in men. Additionally, the incidence differed depending on the subject\u2019s qualification for health insurance. The incidence of lumbar disc herniation showed differences depending on the degree of the lumbar burden. The present study findings may help determine whether lumbar disc herniation is associated with tasks performed at the patient\u2019s workplace. Further research is needed to classify the risk of lumbar disk herniation in the workplace into detailed categories such as types of business, types of occupation, and lumbar compression force.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15102094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,25]],"date-time":"2018-09-25T11:12:26Z","timestamp":1537873946000},"page":"2094","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":105,"title":["Differences in the Incidence of Symptomatic Cervical and Lumbar Disc Herniation According to Age, Sex and National Health Insurance Eligibility: A Pilot Study on the Disease\u2019s Association with Work"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7368-4245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young-Ki","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan Hopspital, Yangsan, Mulgeum-eup, Bumeo-ri, Yangsan, Gyongnam 626-770, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Preventive and Occupational &amp; Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan, Mulgeum-eup, Bumeo-ri, Yangsan, Gyongnam 626-770, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0657-0181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongmug","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan Hopspital, Yangsan, Mulgeum-eup, Bumeo-ri, Yangsan, Gyongnam 626-770, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Preventive and Occupational &amp; Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan, Mulgeum-eup, Bumeo-ri, Yangsan, Gyongnam 626-770, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilho","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan Hopspital, Yangsan, Mulgeum-eup, Bumeo-ri, Yangsan, Gyongnam 626-770, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1260-494X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Se-Yeong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan Hopspital, Yangsan, Mulgeum-eup, Bumeo-ri, Yangsan, Gyongnam 626-770, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Preventive and Occupational &amp; Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan, Mulgeum-eup, Bumeo-ri, Yangsan, Gyongnam 626-770, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1118","article-title":"Herniated lumbar disc","volume":"209","author":"Jordon","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ Clin. Evid."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198704000-00013","article-title":"Descriptive epidemiology of low-back pain and its related medical care in the United States","volume":"12","author":"Deyo","year":"1987","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"253","article-title":"Occupational lumbar disc herniation among Thai workers claimed for compensation","volume":"8","author":"Saicheua","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Med. Assoc. Thail."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/117.2.325","article-title":"Epidemiology of cervical radiculopathy: A population-based study from Rochester, Minnesota, 1976 through 1990","volume":"117","author":"Radhakrishnan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2010.12.011","article-title":"Kinematic analysis of the lumbar spine by digital videofluoroscopy in 18 asymptomatic subjects and 9 patients with herniated nucleus pulposus","volume":"34","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Manip. Physiol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199072080-00008","article-title":"Abnormal magnetic-resonance scans of the cervical spine in asymptomatic subjects. A prospective investigation","volume":"72","author":"Boden","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2017.130","article-title":"Myelopathy associated with age-related cervical disc herniation: A retrospective review of magnetic resonance images","volume":"37","author":"Saleh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Saudi Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5055","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000005055","article-title":"Higher risk for cervical herniated intervertebral disc in physicians: A retrospective nationwide population-based cohort study with claims analysis","volume":"95","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.15-0050-FS","article-title":"An investigation of a cluster of cervical herniated discs among container truck drivers with occupational exposure to whole-body vibration","volume":"58","author":"Lan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0b013e3182742743","article-title":"Herniation of the cervical disc in plastic surgeons","volume":"69","author":"Tzeng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"560","article-title":"Epidemiology investigation and biomechanics analyses for the correlation between sacroiliac joint disorder and lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration","volume":"27","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Zhongguo Gu Shang"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e918","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181a3c2de","article-title":"Risk factors for lumbar intervertebral disc herniation in Chinese population: A case-control study","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20084","article-title":"Occupational exposures and inpatient hospital care for lumbar intervertebral disc disorders among Finns","volume":"46","author":"Kauppinen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199811010-00017","article-title":"Cumulative incidence of lumbar disc diseases leading to hospitalization up to the age of 28 years","volume":"23","author":"Zitting","year":"1998","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-017-0832-2","article-title":"A systematic review of techniques and sources of big data in the healthcare sector","volume":"41","author":"Alonso","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Syst."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.9.SPINE09935","article-title":"Correlation of matrix metalloproteinases-1 and -3 with patient age and grade of lumbar disc herniation","volume":"14","author":"Zigouris","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Spine"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"712","article-title":"Histological composition of lumbar disc herniation related to the type of herniation and to the age","volume":"113","author":"Matveeva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bratisl. Lek. Listy."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-3019(02)00797-8","article-title":"Lumbar disc herniation: Level increases with age","volume":"58","author":"Dammers","year":"2002","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1047","article-title":"Trend of the incidence of lumbar disc herniation: Decreasing with aging in the elderly","volume":"8","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2018, June 01). Slipped Disk: Overview, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmedhealth\/PMH0072656\/."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasvik, E., Iordanova, S.E., Gr\u00f8vle, L., Julsrud, H.A., R\u00f8e, C., and Gjerstad, J. (2014). Subjective health complaints in patients with lumbar radicular pain and disc herniation are associated with a sex\u2014OPRM1 A118G polymorphism interaction: A prospective 1-year observational study. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-15-161"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seidler, A., Bergmann, A., Jager, M., Ellegast, R., Ditchen, D., Elsner, G., Grifka, J., Haerting, J., Hofmann, F., and Linhardt, O. (2009). Cumulative occupational lumbar load and lumbar disc disease\u2014Results of a German multicenter case-control study (EPILIFT). BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-10-48"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"533","article-title":"Relationship between physical work load and lumbar disc herniation","volume":"22","author":"Ahsan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mymensingh Med. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/10803548.2015.1017940","article-title":"Low back pain, intervertebral disc and occupational diseases","volume":"21","author":"Petit","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Saf. Ergon."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/15\/10\/2094\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:22:15Z","timestamp":1760196135000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/15\/10\/2094"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,25]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph15102094"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph15102094","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,25]]}}}