{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:57:10Z","timestamp":1791928630927,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,27]],"date-time":"2018-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In Martinique, Bothrops lanceolatus snakebite, although relatively uncommon (~30 cases\/year), may result in serious complications such as systemic thrombosis and local infections. Infections have been hypothesized to be related to bacteria present in the snake\u2019s oral cavity. In this investigation, we isolated, identified, and studied the susceptibility to beta-lactams of bacteria sampled from the oral cavity of twenty-six B. lanceolatus specimens collected from various areas in Martinique. Microbiota from B. lanceolatus oral cavity was polymicrobial. Isolated bacteria belonged to fifteen different taxa; the most frequent being Aeromonas hydrophyla (present in 50% of the samples), Morganella morganii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus spp., and Enterococcus spp. Analysis of antibiotic susceptibility revealed that 66.7% of the isolated bacteria were resistant to amoxicillin\/clavulanate. In contrast, the majority of isolated bacteria were susceptible to the third-generation cephalosporins (i.e., 73.3% with cefotaxime and 80.0% with ceftazidime). Microbiota from B. lanceolatus oral cavity is polymicrobial with bacteria mostly susceptible to third-generation cephalosporins but rarely to amoxicillin\/clavulanate. In conclusion, our findings clearly support that first-line antibiotic therapy in the B. lanceolatus-bitten patients, when there is evidence of infection, should include a third-generation cephalosporin rather than amoxicillin\/clavulanate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15102122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,28]],"date-time":"2018-09-28T02:54:54Z","timestamp":1538103294000},"page":"2122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Oral Microbiota of the Snake Bothrops lanceolatus in Martinique"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7273-2521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dabor","family":"R\u00e9si\u00e8re","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Martinique, Fort-de-France, 97200 Martinique, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claude","family":"Olive","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University Hospital of Martinique, 97200 Martinique, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hatem","family":"Kallel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, Rosemond Andr\u00e9 General Hospital, Cayenne, 97300 French Guiana, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0117-3061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Cabi\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Martinique, 97200 Martinique, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R\u00e9mi","family":"N\u00e9vi\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Martinique, Fort-de-France, 97200 Martinique, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2522-2764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"M\u00e9garbane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Toxicological Critical Care, Lariboisi\u00e8re Hospital, Paris-Diderot University, INSERM UMRS-1144, 75010 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8385-3081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiolog\u00eda, Universidad de Costa Rica, 11501 San Jos\u00e9, Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossein","family":"Mehdaoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Martinique, Fort-de-France, 97200 Martinique, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins2010163","article-title":"Bothrops lanceolatus bites: Guidelines for severity assessment and emergent management","volume":"2","author":"Resiere","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46651990000100002","article-title":"Flora bacteriana da cavidade oral, presas e veneno de Bothrops jararaca: Possivel fonte de infec\u00e7\u0101o no local da picada","volume":"32","author":"Jorge","year":"1990","journal-title":"Rev. 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