{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:06:33Z","timestamp":1760241993092,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,16]],"date-time":"2018-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT) program has been considered a medium through which human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risks assessment and prevention on drug use\/HIV-infected population can be effectively conducted. Studies concerning the implementation of such idea on patients in remote, under-developed areas, however, have been limited. Having the clinics established in three mountainous provinces of Vietnam, this study aimed to evaluate the changes in knowledge of HIV, perceived risk, and HIV testing uptake of the patients. A longitudinal study was conducted at six MMT clinics in three provinces with a pre- and post-assessments among 300 patients. Outcomes of interest were compared between baseline and after 12 months. The magnitude of changes was extrapolated. The proportion of participants reporting that their HIV knowledge was not good fell by 4.4% (61.3% at the baseline vs. 56.8% at 12 months). The significant improvement seen was in the knowledge that needle sharing was a mode of transmission (82.7% vs. 89.6%). Nevertheless, the majority of participants reportedly considered mosquitoes\/insect and eating with the HIV-infected patient were the route of transmission at both time points (84.7% vs. 89.1%, 92.2% vs. 93.3%, respectively). This study found a limited improvement in HIV knowledge and testing uptake among MMT patients following a 12-month period. It also highlighted some shortcomings in the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of these patients, in particular, incorrect identification of HIV transmission routes, among patients both at program initiation and follow-up. The findings lent support to the argument for enhancing education and counseling efforts at MMT clinics regarding HIV, as well as for improving access to preventive and health care services through the integration of MMT\/HIV services.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15112567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,16]],"date-time":"2018-11-16T11:48:31Z","timestamp":1542368911000},"page":"2567","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Methadone Maintenance Treatment Reduces the Vulnerability of Drug Users on HIV\/AIDS in Vietnamese Remote Settings: Assessing the Changes in HIV Knowledge, Perceived Risk, and Testing Uptake after a 12-Month Follow-Up"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Tam Minh Thi","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vietnam Authority of HIV\/AIDS Control, Ministry of Health, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7827-8449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bach Xuan","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"},{"name":"Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mercerdes","family":"Fleming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manh Duc","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vietnam Authority of HIV\/AIDS Control, Ministry of Health, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Long Thanh","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vietnam Authority of HIV\/AIDS Control, Ministry of Health, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huong Thi","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vietnam Authority of HIV\/AIDS Control, Ministry of Health, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anh Lan Thi","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huong Thi","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thang Huu","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Van Hai","family":"Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuan Thanh Thi","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0790-1576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quan Hoang","family":"Vuong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Social Research, Thanh Tay University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"},{"name":"Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management, Centre Emile Bernheim, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manh Tung","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Philosophy, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2823-1068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Van Nhue","family":"Dam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Graduate Studies, National Economics University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thu Trang","family":"Vuong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sciences Po Paris, Campus de Dijon, 21000 Dijon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1975-529X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ha Ngoc","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Youth Research Institute, Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vu","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Spine-Surgery, Hanoi Medical University Hospital, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huong Lan Thi","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Danang 550000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huyen Phuc","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Evidence-Based Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phuong Linh","family":"Doan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Evidence-Based Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hai Hong","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vietnam Authority of HIV\/AIDS Control, Ministry of Health, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Evidence-Based Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7931-2116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carl A.","family":"Latkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7092-9566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cyrus SH","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9629-4493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roger CM","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh 700000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.11.1000","article-title":"Moderate- vs High-Dose Methadone in the Treatment of Opioid Depend","volume":"281","author":"Strain","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mattick, R.P., Breen, C., Kimber, J., and Davoli, M. 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