{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T09:13:02Z","timestamp":1787994782841,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,25]],"date-time":"2018-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007224","name":"NAFOSTED","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["104.06-2013.54"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["104.06-2013.54"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007224","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The combination of a low-pressure mercury lamp and chlorine (UV\/chlorine) was applied as an emerging advanced oxidation process (AOP), to examine paracetamol (PRC) degradation under different operational conditions. The results indicated that the UV\/chlorine process exhibited a much faster PRC removal than the UV\/H2O2 process or chlorination alone because of the great contribution of highly reactive species (\u2022OH, \u2022Cl, and ClO\u2022). The PRC degradation rate constant (kobs) was accurately determined by pseudo-first-order kinetics. The kobs values were strongly affected by the operational conditions, such as chlorine dosage, solution pH, UV intensity, and coexisting natural organic matter. Response surface methodology was used for the optimization of four independent variables (NaOCl, UV, pH, and DOM). A mathematical model was established to predict and optimize the operational conditions for PRC removal in the UV\/chlorine process. The main transformation products (twenty compound structures) were detected by liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15122637","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,26]],"date-time":"2018-11-26T03:24:27Z","timestamp":1543202667000},"page":"2637","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Degradation of Paracetamol by an UV\/Chlorine Advanced Oxidation Process: Influencing Factors, Factorial Design, and Intermediates Identification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yen Hai","family":"Dao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Ha Noi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8361-2616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hai Nguyen","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thien Thanh","family":"Tran-Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Ha Noi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trung Quoc","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Ha Noi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giang Truong","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Ha Noi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2018.07.071","article-title":"Advanced oxidation of pharmaceuticals by the ozone-activated peroxymonosulfate process: The role of different oxidative species","volume":"360","author":"Deniere","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2016.11.042","article-title":"Review on fate and mechanism of removal of pharmaceutical pollutants from wastewater using biological approach","volume":"224","author":"Tiwari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2014.05.027","article-title":"Toxic potential of paracetamol to freshwater organisms: A headache to environmental regulators?","volume":"107","author":"Nunes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2016.11.014","article-title":"A review of the occurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in Indian water bodies","volume":"137","author":"Balakrishna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.06.088","article-title":"An investigation into the occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals in Colombian wastewater","volume":"642","author":"Boix","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Barcel\u00f3, D., and Petrovic, M. (2008). Ozone-based technologies in water and wastewater treatment. Emerging Contaminants from Industrial and Municipal Waste: Removal Technologies, Springer."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.05.036","article-title":"Photodegradation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in water treatment using carbonaceous-TiO2 composites: A critical review of recent literature","volume":"142","author":"Awfa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Chormey, D.S., Bak\u0131rdere, S., Turan, N.B., and Engin, G.\u00d6. (2018). Chapter Six\u2014Membrane bioreactor for pharmaceuticals and personal care products removal from wastewater. Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2014.12.035","article-title":"Removal of endocrine disrupting compounds, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products in water using carbon nanotubes: A review","volume":"27","author":"Jung","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2013.09.009","article-title":"Removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in aquatic plant-based systems: A review","volume":"184","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2017.06.137","article-title":"Ultrasonic treatment of endocrine disrupting compounds, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products in water: A review","volume":"327","author":"Chu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.01.216","article-title":"Application of ozonation for pharmaceuticals and personal care products removal from water","volume":"586","author":"Gomes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2008.472","article-title":"Removal of selected pharmaceuticals by chlorination, coagulation\u2013sedimentation and powdered activated carbon treatment","volume":"58","author":"Simazaki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8336","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-2783-1","article-title":"Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes: Today and tomorrow. A review","volume":"21","author":"Brillas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2017.10.070","article-title":"Degradation of phenacetin by the UV\/chlorine advanced oxidation process: Kinetics, pathways, and toxicity evaluation","volume":"335","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2007.03.032","article-title":"Chlorine photolysis and subsequent OH radical production during UV treatment of chlorinated water","volume":"41","author":"Watts","year":"2007","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1139\/s06-052","article-title":"Photolysis of aqueous free chlorine species (HOCl and OCl\u2212) with 254 nm ultraviolet light","volume":"6","author":"Feng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3117","DOI":"10.1021\/jp9929768","article-title":"Kinetic study of the reactions of chlorine atoms and Cl2\u2022\u2212 radical anions in aqueous solutions. 1. reaction with benzene","volume":"104","author":"Alegre","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2009.11.045","article-title":"Oxidative transformation of micropollutants during municipal wastewater treatment: Comparison of kinetic aspects of selective (chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ferrate VI, and ozone) and non-selective oxidants (hydroxyl radical)","volume":"44","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.11.068","article-title":"Degradation of atrazine by UV\/chlorine: Efficiency, influencing factors, and products","volume":"90","author":"Kong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.11.069","article-title":"Kinetics and pathways of ibuprofen degradation by the UV\/chlorine advanced oxidation process","volume":"90","author":"Xiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"365","article-title":"Degradation of diuron by chlorination and UV\/chlorine process: Degradation kinetics and the formation of disinfection by-products","volume":"202","author":"Xiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sep. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.08.011","article-title":"Roles of reactive chlorine species in trimethoprim degradation in the UV\/chlorine process: Kinetics and transformation pathways","volume":"104","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1021\/es4036094","article-title":"The roles of reactive species in micropollutant degradation in the UV\/Free chlorine system","volume":"48","author":"Fang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2017.08.117","article-title":"Investigation of clofibric acid removal by UV\/persulfate and UV\/chlorine processes: Kinetics and formation of disinfection byproducts during subsequent chlor(am)ination","volume":"331","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, Y., Shi, X., Liu, Y., Feng, L., and Zhang, L. (2018). Degradation of clofibric acid in UV\/chlorine disinfection process: Kinetics, reactive species contribution and pathways. R. Soc. Open Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.171372"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1354(90)90098-Q","article-title":"Use of U.V. radiation in water treatment: Measurement of photonic flux by hydrogen peroxide actinometry","volume":"24","author":"Nicole","year":"1990","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7486","DOI":"10.1021\/es071379t","article-title":"Photolysis of aqueous H2O2: Quantum yield and applications for polychromatic UV actinometry in photoreactors","volume":"41","author":"Goldstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Federation, W.E., and Association, A.P.H. (2005). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, American Public Health Association (APHA)."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1021\/i560117a011","article-title":"Colorimetric determination of hydrogen peroxide","volume":"15","author":"Eisenberg","year":"1943","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, J., Liu, J., Shang, C., and Fan, C. (2018). Degradation investigation of selected taste and odor compounds by a UV\/chlorine advanced oxidation process. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15020284"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2010.12.008","article-title":"Assessment of the UV\/Chlorine process as an advanced oxidation process","volume":"45","author":"Jin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.05.059","article-title":"Degradation of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) by UV\/chlorine oxidation: Radical roles, influencing factors, and degradation pathway","volume":"124","author":"Ye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12303","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-6341-x","article-title":"Transformation of acetaminophen during water chlorination treatment: Kinetics and transformation products identification","volume":"23","author":"Cao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6143","DOI":"10.1021\/jo025604v","article-title":"Advanced oxidation chemistry of paracetamol. UV\/H2O2-induced hydroxylation\/degradation pathways and 15N-aided inventory of nitrogenous breakdown products","volume":"67","author":"Vogna","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/15\/12\/2637\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:31:58Z","timestamp":1760196718000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/15\/12\/2637"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,25]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph15122637"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph15122637","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,25]]}}}