{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:26:46Z","timestamp":1772252806618,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,27]],"date-time":"2018-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exercise is increasingly understood as an important resource for people who engage in harmful substance use, including those in prison. Little is known about how inmates adopt various health behaviors during incarceration, without interventions. This cross-sectional study analyzed self-reports from 1464 inmates in Norwegian prisons in 2013\u20132014, compared them according to harmful substance use pre-incarceration, and explored changes in exercise and nicotine use during incarceration. Results were presented in accordance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines. Inmates with harmful substance use reported higher rates of smoking, smokeless tobacco, and physical inactivity pre-incarceration than inmates without harmful use. However, inmates with harmful use also exhibited more behavioral changes: they adopted exercise, ceased smoking, and adopted smokeless tobacco at higher rates during incarceration than the non-harmful group, to the extent that inmates with harmful use exercised during incarceration more. Exercise is being taken up by a significant proportion of inmates, and may in particular be a replacement behavior for substance use. However, unhealthy behaviors also begin or are maintained. If prisons were used as an arena to facilitate healthy behaviors, the public health benefits to a marginalized group such as substance-using inmates could be substantial.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15122663","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,27]],"date-time":"2018-11-27T12:17:35Z","timestamp":1543321055000},"page":"2663","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Inmates with Harmful Substance Use Increase Both Exercise and Nicotine Use Under Incarceration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7819-6697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley Elizabeth","family":"Muller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, Pb 1039 Blindern, 0135 Blindern, Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ingrid Amalia","family":"Havnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Advisory Unit on Substance Use Disorder Treatment, Oslo University Hospital, Pb 4959 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eline Borger","family":"Rognli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section for Clinical Substance Use and Addiction Research, Oslo University Hospital, Pb 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Bukten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, Pb 1039 Blindern, 0135 Blindern, Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"The University College of Norwegian Correctional Service, 2000 Lillestr\u00f8m, Norway"},{"name":"Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"126","article-title":"Physical Activity, Exercise, and Physical Fitness: Definitions and Distinctions for Health-Related Research","volume":"100","author":"Caspersen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (1992). F10\u2014F19: Mental and Behavioural Disorders Due to Psychoactive Substance Use, WHO."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, D., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Li, R., and Zhou, C. (2014). Impact of physical exercise on substance use disorders: A meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110728"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3109\/00952990.2014.976708","article-title":"Exercise-based treatments for substance use disorders: Evidence, theory, and practicality","volume":"41","author":"Linke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abus."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zschucke, E., Heinz, A., and Strohle, A. (2012). Exercise and physical activity in the therapy of substance use disorders. Sci. World J.","DOI":"10.1100\/2012\/901741"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2012.663327","article-title":"Exercise as an adjunct treatment for opiate agonist treatment: Review of the current research and implementation strategies","volume":"33","author":"Weinstock","year":"2012","journal-title":"Subst Abus."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2004.04.006","article-title":"Decreased substance use following increases in alternative behaviors: A preliminary investigation","volume":"30","author":"Correia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Physical Activity Preferences and Attitudes of Individuals with Substance Use Disorders: A Review of the Literature","volume":"5","author":"Simonton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Issues Ment. Health Nurs."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Directorate of Health (2010). Fysisk aktivitet og psykisk helse\u2014Et tipshefte for helsepersonell om tilrettelegging og planlegging av fysisk aktivitet for mennesker med psykiske lidelser og problemer. Tipshefte, Directorate of Health."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.051351","article-title":"Health benefits of physical activity: The evidence","volume":"174","author":"Warburton","year":"2006","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c110025","article-title":"Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases","volume":"2","author":"Booth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-015-0698-3","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease among people with drug use disorders","volume":"60","author":"Thylstrup","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02570.x","article-title":"Mortality among opiate users: Opioid maintenance therapy, age and causes of death","volume":"104","author":"Clausen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12863","article-title":"Mortality among individuals accessing pharmacological treatment for opioid dependence in California, 2006\u20132010","volume":"110","author":"Evans","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1521-0391.2011.00196.x","article-title":"Chronic illness histories of adults entering treatment for co-occurring substance abuse and other mental health disorders","volume":"21","author":"Chesher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Addict."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.10.002","article-title":"Minimum recommended physical activity, and perceived barriers and benefits of exercise in methadone maintained persons","volume":"44","author":"Caviness","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abus. Treat."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-016-0439-1","article-title":"Many correlates of poor quality of life among substance users entering treatment are not addiction-specific","volume":"14","author":"Muller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1177\/001789690306200406","article-title":"Health indicators in a prison population: Asking prisoners","volume":"62","author":"Lester","year":"2003","journal-title":"Health Educ. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2011-090724","article-title":"Fitness levels and physical activity among class A drug users entering prison","volume":"46","author":"Fischer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13877","article-title":"Substance use disorders in prisoners: An updated systematic review and meta-regression analysis in recently incarcerated men and women","volume":"112","author":"Fazel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1177\/0032885509339508","article-title":"Exercise and the Low-Security Inmate:Changes in Depression, Stress, and Anxiety","volume":"89","author":"Buckaloo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prison. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-001-1025-0","article-title":"Factors affecting psychological well-being of three groups of suicide-prone prisoners","volume":"20","author":"Cooper","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/13573320802615189","article-title":"Sport and physical activity in a high security Spanish prison: An ethnographic study of multiple meanings","volume":"14","author":"Sparkes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sport Educ. Soc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302666","article-title":"Lack of Healthier Food Alternatives Can Compromise Inmate Health","volume":"105","author":"Firth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61053-7","article-title":"The health of prisoners","volume":"377","author":"Fazel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sari, S., Muller, A.E., and Roessler, K.K. (2017). Exercising alcohol patients don\u2019t lack motivation but struggle with structures, emotions and social context\u2014A qualitative dropout study. BMC Fam. Pract., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-017-0606-4"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5683","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10115683","article-title":"Benefits of selected physical exercise programs in detention: A randomized controlled study","volume":"10","author":"Battaglia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"276","article-title":"The Effects of Moderate Physical Activity on Offenders in a Rehabilitative Program","volume":"57","author":"Nelson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Correct. Educ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1080\/17449200802473131","article-title":"Fit for prison: Special population health and fitness programme evaluation","volume":"4","author":"Cashin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Prison. Health"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-965129","article-title":"Benefits of exercise training in Spanish prison inmates","volume":"28","author":"Tremblay","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.1922","article-title":"Participation in a 9-month selected physical exercise programme enhances psychological well-being in a prison population","volume":"25","author":"Battaglia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crim. Behav. Ment. Health CBMH"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/107834589500200102","article-title":"Organized Aerobic Exercise and Depression in Male County Jail Inmates","volume":"2","author":"Genovese","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Correct. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wagner, M., McBride, R., and Crouse, S. (1999). The effects of weight-training exercise on aggression variables in adult male inmates. Prison. J., 79.","DOI":"10.1177\/0032885599079001005"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"65","article-title":"Correlates of Selected Indices of Physical Fitness And Duration of Incarceration among Inmates in Some Selected Nigeria Prisons","volume":"20","author":"Olaitan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ethiop. J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mannocci, A., Mipatrini, D., D\u2019Egidio, V., Rizzo, J., Meggiolaro, S., Firenze, A., Boccia, G., Santangelo, O.E., Villari, P., and La Torre, G. (2017). Health related quality of life and physical activity in prison: A multicenter observational study in Italy. Eur. J. Public Health.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckx183"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12622","article-title":"Weight gain during incarceration: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Gebremariam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60319-5","article-title":"Prevalence of risk factors for non-communicable diseases in prison populations worldwide: A systematic review","volume":"379","author":"Herbert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxy005","article-title":"Smoking in Correctional Settings Worldwide: Prevalence, Bans, and Interventions","volume":"40","author":"Spaulding","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntt163","article-title":"Cigarette smoking as an expression of independence and freedom among inmates in a tobacco-free prison in the United States","volume":"16","author":"Bock","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Bukten, A., Riksheim, M., Skurtveit, S., Kun\u00f8e, N., Lobmaier, P., Lund, I.O., and Clausen, T. (2016). Substance Use and Health Status Among Incarcerated Individuals in Norway: Results from the Norwegian Offender Mental Health and Addiction Study, University of Oslo."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"ICPR (2018, February 05). International Centre of Prison Studies. Available online: http:\/\/www.prisonstudies.org\/."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"NCS (2018, February 07). About the Norwegian Correctional Service. Available online: http:\/\/www.kriminalomsorgen.no\/information-in-english.265199.no.html."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Preedy, V.R., and Watson, R.R. (2010). Health-Related Quality of Life in Prisoners. Handbook of Disease Burdens and Quality of Life Measures, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-78665-0"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"9","article-title":"Relapse Study in the Correctional Services of the Nordic Countries: Key Results and Perspectives","volume":"2","author":"Kristoffersen","year":"2013","journal-title":"EuroVista"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Cramer, V. (2014). The Prevalence of Mental Disorders among Convicted Inmates in Norwegian Prisons."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Friestad, C., and Hansen, I.L.S. (2014). Levek\u00e5r Blant Innsatte (Living Condtions among Inmates), Fafo Institute for Labour and Social Research."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nesset, M.B., Rustad, A.B., Kjelsberg, E., Almvik, R., and Bjorngaard, J.H. (2011). Health care help seeking behaviour among prisoners in Norway. BMC Health Serv. Res., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-11-301"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"59","article-title":"The Norwegian Offender Mental Health and Addiction Study\u2014Design and Implementation of a National Survey and Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"9","author":"Bukten","year":"2015","journal-title":"Subst. Abus."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Babor, T.F., Higgins-Biddle, J.C., Saunders, J.B., and Monteiro, M.G. (2001). AUDIT: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: Guidelines for Use in Primary Health Care, World Health Organization. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"ROP (2018, June 11). Guide for Beregning av Poengsum AUDIT (\u201cAUDIT Scoring Instructions\u201d). Available online: https:\/\/rop.no\/globalassets\/snakkomrus\/utskrifter\/audit\/audit-scoringsguide.pdf."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2006.10.001","article-title":"The self-report Drug Use Disorders Identification Test: Extended (DUDIT-E): Reliability, validity, and motivational index","volume":"32","author":"Berman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abus. Treat."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1080\/j.1440-1614.2005.01630.x","article-title":"Imputing cross-sectional missing data: Comparison of common techniques","volume":"39","author":"Hawthorne","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/bs.3830190102","article-title":"Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL): A self report symptom inventory","volume":"19","author":"Derogatis","year":"1974","journal-title":"Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1080\/08039480310000932","article-title":"Measuring the mental health status of the Norwegian population: A comparison of the instruments SCL-25, SCL-10, SCL-5 and MHI-5 (SF-36)","volume":"57","author":"Strand","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nord. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Natvig Norderhaug, I., Dybing, E., Gilljam, H., Lind, P.O., Lund, K.E., Morland, J., Stegmayr, B., Hofmann, B., and Orjasaeter Elvsaas, I.K. (2005). NIPH Systematic Reviews: Executive Summaries, Health Effects and Dependency Associated with Snuff Consumption."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-147-8-200710160-00010","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: Guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"147","author":"Altman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.05.037","article-title":"Does physical activity protect against drug abuse vulnerability?","volume":"153","author":"Bardo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.06.011","article-title":"Exercise as a novel treatment for drug addiction: A neurobiological and stage-dependent hypothesis","volume":"37","author":"Lynch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494814561819","article-title":"Group exercise to improve quality of life among substance use disorder patients","volume":"43","author":"Muller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scand. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Midl\u00f6v, P., Leijon, M., Sundquist, J., Sundquist, K., and Johansson, S.-E. (2014). The longitudinal exercise trend among older Swedes aged 53\u201384 years\u2014A 16-year follow-up study. BMC Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-1327"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brenowitz, W.D., Hubbard, R.A., Crane, P.K., Gray, S.L., Zaslavsky, O., and Larson, E.B. (2014). Longitudinal associations between self-rated health and performance-based physical function in a population-based cohort of older adults. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111761"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1080\/09581590601045212","article-title":"A new approach to prison public health? Challenging and advancing the agenda for prison health","volume":"16","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.0572","article-title":"Association of Efficacy of Resistance Exercise Training With Depressive Symptoms: Meta-analysis and Meta-regression Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials","volume":"75","author":"Gordon","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2016.02.023","article-title":"Exercise as a treatment for depression: A meta-analysis adjusting for publication bias","volume":"77","author":"Schuch","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van den Berg, J.J., Roberts, M.B., Bock, B.C., Martin, R.A., Stein, L.A., Parker, D.R., McGovern, A.R., Shuford, S.H., and Clarke, J.G. (2016). Changes in Depression and Stress after Release from a Tobacco-Free Prison in the United States. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13010114"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1108\/17449201211284996","article-title":"The role of sport in promoting prisoner health","volume":"8","author":"Meek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Prison. Health"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1521-0391.2013.12118.x","article-title":"The lifetime prevalence of anabolic-androgenic steroid use and dependence in Americans: Current best estimates","volume":"23","author":"Pope","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Addict."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garner, O., Iardino, A., Ramirez, A., and Yakoby, M. (2018). Cardiomyopathy induced by anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse. BMJ Case Rep., 2018.","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2017-223891"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.026945","article-title":"Cardiovascular Toxicity of Illicit Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Use","volume":"135","author":"Baggish","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"167","article-title":"Outpatient clinic for users of anabolic androgenic steroids: An overview","volume":"76","author":"Smit","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neth. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.04.020","article-title":"Use of anabolic androgenic steroids in substance abusers arrested for crime","volume":"111","author":"Lundholm","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2009.05.007","article-title":"The significance of anabolic androgenic steroids in a Swedish prison population","volume":"51","author":"Petersson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2014.01.009","article-title":"The global epidemiology of anabolic-androgenic steroid use: A meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis","volume":"24","author":"Sagoe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makris, E., Gourgoulianis, K.I., and Hatzoglou, C. (2012). Prisoners and cigarettes or \u2018imprisoned in cigarettes\u2019? What helps prisoners quit smoking?. BMC Public Health, 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-508"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-5-56","article-title":"A comparison of direct versus self-report measures for assessing physical activity in adults: A systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Prince","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh209","article-title":"Construct validity of self-reported historical physical activity","volume":"160","author":"Bowles","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/S1440-2440(03)80273-6","article-title":"Validity and reliability of a physical activity recall instrument among overweight and non-overweight men and women","volume":"6","author":"Timperio","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S361","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2012.705332","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the 7-day Physical Activity Recall interview in a Spanish population","volume":"14","author":"Zuazagoitia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"17","article-title":"Substance Use and Associated Health Conditions throughout the Lifespan","volume":"35","author":"Schulte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Public Health Rev."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61530-5","article-title":"Global burden of disease attributable to illicit drug use and dependence: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"382","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1080\/07399332.2017.1368515","article-title":"Physical activity practiced by incarcerated women: A systematic review","volume":"38","author":"Usabiaga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Care Women Int."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.2478\/nsad-2013-0025","article-title":"Use of doping agents and symptoms of eating disorders among male and female patients in drug addiction treatment","volume":"30","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nord. Stud. Alcohol Drugs"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/15\/12\/2663\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:32:24Z","timestamp":1760196744000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/15\/12\/2663"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,27]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph15122663"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph15122663","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints201810.0348.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,27]]}}}