{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T16:05:39Z","timestamp":1788451539180,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,3]],"date-time":"2018-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Smoking tobacco can impair proper vascular endothelial functioning. This is exhibited through reduced nitric oxide synthesis as well as activity due to accompanying oxidative stress. We examined the relationship between nitric oxide and markers of oxidative stress\/antioxidant defense in serum of smoking and non-smoking pregnant women. Subjects included 99 healthy pregnant women, who were tested for nitric oxide (NO), endothelial (eNOS) and inducible (iNOS) nitric oxide synthase, total oxidant capacity (TOC), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). NO, eNOS, and TAC serum concentrations were significantly lower (p &lt; 0.005), but iNOS (p &lt; 0.05) and TOC (p &lt; 0.001) were higher in smokers than in non-smokers. Multivariate regression analysis showed associations between NO concentration and eNOS, TAC, and smoking status in the whole group of patients. In the model estimated separately for smokers, the highest impact of eNOS (\u03b2 = 0.375; p = 0.021) and cotinine (\u03b2 = \u22120.323; p = 0.037) was indicated for NO concentration. In the model of non-smokers, eNOS (\u03b2 = 0.291, p = 0.030) and TAC (\u03b2 = 0.350; p = 0.015) were important for NO level. Smoking during pregnancy could exacerbate oxidative stress, impair the action of nitric oxide synthases, and adversely affect the balance of oxygen and nitrogen metabolism. Relationships between NO concentrations and TAC in the studied women\u2019s blood can confirm the antioxidant nature of nitric oxide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15122719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,3]],"date-time":"2018-12-03T06:02:09Z","timestamp":1543816929000},"page":"2719","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Influence of Active Exposure to Tobacco Smoke on Nitric Oxide Status of Pregnant Women"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6174-6813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Che\u0142chowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Screening and Metabolic Diagnostics, Institute of Mother and Child, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7320-7561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jadwiga","family":"Ambroszkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Screening and Metabolic Diagnostics, Institute of Mother and Child, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1349-0155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Gajewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Screening and Metabolic Diagnostics, Institute of Mother and Child, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Mazur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Health, Institute of Mother and Child, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leszek","family":"Lewandowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Institute of Mother and Child, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0230-031X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marzanna","family":"Re\u015bko-Zachara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology and Intensive Care, Institute of Mother and Child, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz M.","family":"Maciejewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Institute of Mother and Child, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"91","article-title":"Tobacco smoking in Poland in the years from 2003 to 2014. 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