{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T07:06:07Z","timestamp":1790492767244,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,6]],"date-time":"2018-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1544054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Alcohol and tobacco strongly increases the risk of cancers of the tongue, mouth, pharynx, larynx, and oesophagus, and are also established risk factors for cancer of the liver, colon, and rectum. It is well documented that these habits are unequally distributed among occupational groups. Most occupational cohort studies lack information on these potentially important confounders, and may therefore be prone to bias. Aim: The aim of the study is to present Nordic standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) for alcohol and tobacco related cancer by occupation, after adjustment for alcohol and tobacco, and to compare to the unadjusted SIRs. Material and Methods: The study is based on the Nordic Occupational Cancer (NOCCA) database. We used confirmatory factor analysis models for simultaneous analysis of the cancer sites related to alcohol and tobacco, to obtain factors that allow for computation of adjusted expected numbers from the reference rates. We then calculated adjusted SIRs for the relevant cancer sites for each occupation. Results: For some occupations and cancers, the changes of risk estimates were striking, from significantly high to significantly low and vice versa. Among Nordic farmers, unadjusted SIRs for cancer of the mouth and oesophagus were 0.56 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.51\u20130.61) and 0.67 (CI 0.63\u20130.70), respectively. After adjustment, estimates changed to 1.10 (CI 1.01\u20131.21) and 1.16 (CI 1.10\u20131.22). Unadjusted SIR for pharynx cancer among wood workers was 0.83 (CI 0.75\u20130.91), adjusted SIR was 1.14 (CI 1.03\u20131.25). For larynx cancer, results in the opposite direction were seen: unadjusted SIR for economically inactive was 1.38 (CI 1.31\u20131.46) while the adjusted SIR was 0.91 (CI 0.86\u20130.96). Conclusions: Adjustment for the latent indicators of alcohol and tobacco consumption changed risk estimates for several occupations, gave a less confounded description of risk, and may guide in the identification of true risk factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15122760","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,7]],"date-time":"2018-12-07T03:46:14Z","timestamp":1544154374000},"page":"2760","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Variation in Nordic Work-Related Cancer Risks after Adjustment for Alcohol and Tobacco"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Kristina","family":"Kjaerheim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, N-0304 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tor","family":"Haldorsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, N-0304 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elsebeth","family":"Lynge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nyk\u00f8bing Falster Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-4800 Nyk\u00f8bing Falster, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan Ivar","family":"Martinsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, N-0304 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eero","family":"Pukkala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Cancer Registry\u2014Institute for Statistical and epidemiological Cancer Research, Unioninkatu 22, FI-00130 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2237-0128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabete","family":"Weiderpass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, N-0304 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Troms\u00f8, The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Troms\u00f8, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkh\u00e4lsan Research Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom K.","family":"Grimsrud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, N-0304 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans (2012). 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