{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T13:08:58Z","timestamp":1769087338356,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,23]],"date-time":"2018-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1545523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Local Health Unit of Reggio Emilia","award":["."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious public health problem in many regions of the world, especially in the poorest areas. For this reason, screening for active and latent forms must be considered when dealing with high-risk groups such as irregular immigrants in Western countries. We conducted a retrospective cohort study by recruiting subjects aged \u226515 years who underwent a tuberculin skin test at a dedicated National Health Service Centre in a northern Italian province between 1 January 2012 and 31 December 2013. These participants were followed up until 31 December 2016. We aimed at evaluating an experimental protocol for active and latent tuberculosis screening, focusing on patient compliance, feasibility, and capability to detect clinical forms of the disease. We enrolled 368 irregular immigrants, i.e., immigrants not having a valid residence permit and who were therefore not entitled to choose a general practitioner. In total, 90.22% of these completed all the steps for the screening of active TB, while 87.33% also undertook screening for the latent form of the disease. Homelessness, self-reported prostitution, female sex, and employment status adversely affected compliance. Chronic alcohol consumption was associated with increased risk of no beginning or interruption of the procedures. All of the five patients with active TB successfully completed the treatment. Overall, adherence to the screening program was high compared to other studies in immigrants, possibly owing to organizational factors such as the availability of cultural mediators, the network between the different health services, the presence of dedicated nursing staff and a free-of-charge service. In addition, selected vulnerable subgroups should be targeted using tailored screening and follow-up programs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16010028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,24]],"date-time":"2018-12-24T10:37:49Z","timestamp":1545647869000},"page":"28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Compliance with Tuberculosis Screening in Irregular Immigrants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"Bonvicini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Azienda Unit\u00e0 Sanitaria Locale di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia 42122, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Cilloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Metaboliche e Neuroscienze, Modena 41125, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rossano","family":"Fornaciari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azienda Unit\u00e0 Sanitaria Locale di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia 42122, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Casoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azienda Unit\u00e0 Sanitaria Locale di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia 42122, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Marchesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azienda Unit\u00e0 Sanitaria Locale di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia 42122, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Greci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azienda Unit\u00e0 Sanitaria Locale di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia 42122, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Monici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azienda Unit\u00e0 Sanitaria Locale di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia 42122, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fausto","family":"Nicolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azienda Unit\u00e0 Sanitaria Locale di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia 42122, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0551-2473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Vinceti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Metaboliche e Neuroscienze, Modena 41125, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30057-2","article-title":"The global tuberculosis epidemic and progress in care, prevention, and research: An overview in year 3 of the End TB era","volume":"6","author":"Floyd","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"WHO (2016). Global Tuberculosis Report 2016, WHO."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matteelli, A., Rendon, A., Tiberi, S., Al-Abri, S., Voniatis, C., Carvalho, A.C.C., Centis, R., D\u2019Ambrosio, L., Visca, D., and Spanevello, A. (2018). Tuberculosis elimination: Where are we now?. Eur. Respir. Rev., 27.","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0035-2018"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00214014","article-title":"Towards tuberculosis elimination: An action framework for low-incidence countries","volume":"45","author":"Lonnroth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"446","article-title":"Tuberculosis and immigration","volume":"36","author":"Salvador","year":"2018","journal-title":"Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiologia Clinica"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"WHO (2014). The End TB Strategies, WHO."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaushik, N., Lowbridge, C., Scandurra, G., and Dobler, C.C. (2018). Post-migration follow-up programme for migrants at increased risk of developing tuberculosis: A cohort study. ERJ Open Res., 4.","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00008-2018"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"IsdseAsesdRE-R (2010). La Tubercolosi in Italia, Rapporto 2008."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Salute, M.D. (2010). Aggiornamento Delle Raccomandazioni per le Attivit\u00e0 di Controllo Della Tubercolosi. Gestione dei Contatti e Della Tubercolosi in Ambito Assistenziale, Istituto Nazionale Malattie Infettive Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Salute, M.D. (2010). Aggiornamento Delle Raccomandazioni per le Attivit\u00e0 di Controllo Della Tubercolosi: Politiche Efficaci a Contrastare la Tubercolosi Nella Popolazione Immigrata."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"CDC (2000). Targeted Tubercolin Testing and Treatment of Latent Tubercolosis Inferction."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"WHO (2014). Definitions and Reporting Framework for Tuberculosis\u20142013 Revision, WHO."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-013-9704-y","article-title":"Latent tuberculosis infection: Screening and treatment in an urban setting","volume":"38","author":"Morano","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e95","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301637","article-title":"Prevalence and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection among newly arrived refugees in San Diego County, January 2010-October 2012","volume":"104","author":"Bennett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bodenmann, P., Vaucher, P., Wolff, H., Favrat, B., de Tribolet, F., Masserey, E., and Zellweger, J.P. (2009). Screening for latent tuberculosis infection among undocumented immigrants in Swiss healthcare centres; a descriptive exploratory study. BMC Infect. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-9-34"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"712","article-title":"Screening for tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis infection among undocumented immigrants at an unspecialised health service unit","volume":"5","author":"Casalini","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6594","DOI":"10.4081\/idr.2016.6594","article-title":"Active Tuberculosis Case Finding Interventions Among Immigrants, Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Italy","volume":"8","author":"Schepisi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"WHO (2015). Guidelines on the Management of Latent Tuberculosis Infection, WHO."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suphanchaimat, R., Kantamaturapoj, K., Putthasri, W., and Prakongsai, P. (2015). Challenges in the provision of healthcare services for migrants: A systematic review through providers\u2019 lens. BMC Health Serv. Res., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-015-1065-z"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e171","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp15X683977","article-title":"Refugee experiences of general practice in countries of resettlement: A literature review","volume":"65","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Gen. Pract."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"369","article-title":"QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube test (QFT-GIT) for the screening of latent tuberculosis in recent immigrants to Italy","volume":"32","author":"Saracino","year":"2009","journal-title":"New Microbiol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/16\/1\/28\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:35:48Z","timestamp":1760196948000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/16\/1\/28"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,23]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph16010028"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16010028","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,23]]}}}