{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T20:39:22Z","timestamp":1791405562151,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,7]],"date-time":"2019-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41473074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41473074"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Perfluorocarboxylic acid compounds (PFCAs) and copper have been regarded as ubiquitous environmental contaminants in aquatic ecosystems worldwide. However, data on their possible joint toxic effects on microorganisms are still lacking. To study the combined effects of four PFCAs with different carbon chain lengths and copper, a series of experiments were conducted to explore the acute toxicity of these PFCAs in the absence and presence of copper on a metal-resistant Arthrobacter strain GQ-9 by microcalorimetry. The thermokinetic parameters, including growth rate constant (k), inhibitory ratio (I), and half inhibitory concentration (IC50), were calculated and compared using the data obtained from the power-time curves. Our work revealed that GQ-9 is more resistant to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) than Escherichia coli. The single and joint toxicity of PFCAs with copper are dose- and carbon chain length-dependent. The longer the carbon chain length of PFCAs, the higher the toxicity. In addition, PFCAs interacted synergistically with copper. This work could provide useful information for the risk assessment of co-exposure to perfluorinated compounds and heavy metals in natural environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16010135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,9]],"date-time":"2019-01-09T03:06:06Z","timestamp":1547003166000},"page":"135","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Evaluation of Single and Joint Toxicity of Perfluorinated Carboxylic Acids and Copper to Metal-Resistant Arthrobacter Strains"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yanping","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-Oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huilun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-Oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiqing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-Oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-Oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-Oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Dekker, M. (2001). Fluorinated Surfactants and Repellents, CRC Press. [2nd ed.; Revised and Expanded ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rappazzo, K., Coffman, E., and Hines, E. (2017). Exposure to perfluorinated alkyl substances and health outcomes in children: A systematic review of the epidemiologic literature. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14070691"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7954","DOI":"10.1021\/es2011622","article-title":"Polyfluorinated compounds: Past, present, and future","volume":"45","author":"Lindstrom","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1081\/DCT-100101973","article-title":"Plasma cholecystokinin and hepatic enzymes, cholesterol and lipoproteins in ammonium perfluorooctanoate production workers","volume":"23","author":"Olsen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Drug Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Tan, D., Geng, Y., Wang, L., Peng, Y., He, Z., Xu, Y., and Liu, X. (2016). Perfluorinated compounds in greenhouse and open agricultural producing areas of three provinces of China: Levels, sources and risk assessment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13121224"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2797(01)00155-7","article-title":"Comparison of the elimination between perfluorinated fatty acids with different carbon chain length in rats","volume":"134","author":"Kudo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chem.-Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14361","DOI":"10.1021\/es504150h","article-title":"Perfluoroalkyl acid uptake in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) irrigated with reclaimed water","volume":"48","author":"Blaine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2004.02.004","article-title":"Maintaining copper homeostasis: Regulation of copper-trafficking proteins in response to copper deficiency or overload","volume":"15","author":"Bertinato","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2011.02.010","article-title":"Exposure to waterborne copper reveals differences in oxidative stress response in three freshwater fish species","volume":"103","author":"Eyckmans","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(01)00197-2","article-title":"Ecotoxicological Studies. 3. Heavy metals contaminating water and fish from Fayoum Governorate, Egypt","volume":"78","author":"Mansour","year":"2002","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2010.10.076","article-title":"Structure\u2013activity relationship assessment of four perfluorinated chemicals using a prolonged zebrafish early life stage test","volume":"82","author":"Hagenaars","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2011.01.067","article-title":"Tissue bioaccumulation patterns, xenobiotic biotransformation and steroid hormone levels in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed a diet containing perfluoroactane sulfonic or perfluorooctane carboxylic acids","volume":"83","author":"Mortensen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2015.07.050","article-title":"Accumulation and phytotoxicity of perfluorooctanoic acid in the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"206","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2014.08.043","article-title":"The role of interleukin family in perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)-induced immunotoxicity","volume":"280","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2013.04.031","article-title":"Evaluating the sub-lethal toxicity of PFOS and PFOA using rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus","volume":"180","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2014.03.099","article-title":"Chronic effects of PFOA and PFOS on sexual reproduction of freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus","volume":"114","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, Y., Liu, W., Xie, W., Yu, W., Wang, C., and Chen, H. (2015). Investigation of the effects of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) on apoptosis and cell cycle in a zebrafish (Danio rerio) liver cell line. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph121215012"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2013.09.046","article-title":"Toxicity of perfluorooctanoic acid to Pseudomonas putida in the aquatic environment","volume":"262","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-015-1479-7","article-title":"Characterization and Distribution of Heavy Metals, Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Surface Sediment from the Dayan River, South China","volume":"94","author":"Zheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1127291","article-title":"The challenge of micropollutants in aquatic systems","volume":"313","author":"Schwarzenbach","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2015.01.025","article-title":"Evaluation of single and joint toxicity of perfluorooctane sulfonate, perfluorooctanoic acid, and copper to Carassius auratus using oxidative stress biomarkers","volume":"161","author":"Feng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.04.089","article-title":"Toxicity of perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid to Escherichia coli: Membrane disruption, oxidative stress, and DNA damage induced cell inactivation and\/or death","volume":"214","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"209","article-title":"Toxicological interactions of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) with selected pollutants","volume":"201\u2013202","author":"Rosal","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.03.024","article-title":"The toxic effect and bioaccumulation in aquatic oligochaete Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri after combined exposure to cadmium and perfluorooctane sulfonate at different pH values","volume":"152","author":"Qu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3527","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-0694-7","article-title":"Isolation of lead-resistant Arthrobactor strain GQ-9 and its biosorption mechanism","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-009-9404-x","article-title":"Investigation of the acute toxic effect of chlorpyrifos on Pseudomonas putida in a sterilized soil environment monitored by microcalorimetry","volume":"58","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1080\/10934520600754706","article-title":"Bioavailability and toxicity of heavy metals in the presence of natural organic matter","volume":"41","author":"Kungolos","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health A"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.025","article-title":"In vitro toxicological characterization of perfluorinated carboxylic acids with different carbon chain lengths","volume":"218","author":"Buhrke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.07.002","article-title":"Application of a multiple endpoint bacterial reporter assay to evaluate toxicological relevant endpoints of perfluorinated compounds with different functional groups and varying chain length","volume":"24","author":"Nobels","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol. In Vitro"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2007.04.020","article-title":"Analysis of structure\u2013cytotoxicity in vitro relationship (SAR) for perfluorinated carboxylic acids","volume":"21","author":"Gardzielewski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. In Vitro"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2011.12.066","article-title":"Comparative acute freshwater hazard assessment and preliminary PNEC development for eight fluorinated acids","volume":"87","author":"Hoke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.04.017","article-title":"Genotoxicity of perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) to the green mussel (Perna viridis)","volume":"487","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840090411","article-title":"Biochemical effects and zonal heterogeneity of peroxisome proliferation induced by perfluorocarboxylic acids in rat liver","volume":"9","author":"Just","year":"1989","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2005.04.005","article-title":"Interactive toxic effects of heavy metals and humic acids on Vibrio fischeri","volume":"63","author":"Tsiridis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2008.05.030","article-title":"Influence of synthetic surfactants on the uptake of Pd, Cd and Pb by the marine macroalga, Ulva lactuca","volume":"156","author":"Masakorala","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1021\/es702192c","article-title":"The pKa values of PFOA and other highly fluorinated carboxylic acids","volume":"42","author":"Goss","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/16\/1\/135\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:23:56Z","timestamp":1760185436000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/16\/1\/135"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,7]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph16010135"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16010135","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,7]]}}}