{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T11:18:23Z","timestamp":1770895103319,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,12]],"date-time":"2019-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1547251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["MOST 104-2218-E-155-004 and MOST 105-2221-E-155-041-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 104-2218-E-155-004 and MOST 105-2221-E-155-041-MY3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This investigation determined the effects of air pollution on childhood asthma hospitalization in regions with differing air pollution levels in Taiwan over a long time period. Data of childhood hospital admissions for asthma in patients aged 0\u201318 years and air quality in eight regions for the period 2001\u20132012 in Taiwan were collected. Poisson generalized linear regression analysis was employed to identify the relative risks of hospitalization due to asthma in children associated with exposure to varying levels of air pollutants with a change in the interquartile range after adjusting for temperature and relative humidity. Particulate matter \u22642.5 \u03bcm (PM2.5), particulate matter \u226410 \u03bcm (PM10), ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), were positively associated with childhood asthma hospitalization, while O3 was negatively associated with childhood asthma hospitalization. SO2 was identified as the most significant risk factor. The relative risks for asthma hospitalization associated with air pollutants were higher among children aged 0\u20135 years than aged 6\u201318 years and were higher among males than females. The effects of air pollution on childhood asthma were greater in the higher-level air pollution regions, while no association was observed in the lower-level air pollution regions. These findings may prove important for policymakers involved in implementing policies to reduce air pollution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16020203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,14]],"date-time":"2019-01-14T12:20:07Z","timestamp":1547468407000},"page":"203","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["The Short-Term Effects of Ambient Air Pollutants on Childhood Asthma Hospitalization in Taiwan: A National Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ching-Yen","family":"Kuo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Management, Yuan Ze University, 135 Yuan-Tung Road, Jung-Li, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Administration, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, 1492 Zhongshan Road, Taoyuan Dist., Taoyuan 330, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chin-Kan","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, 1492 Zhongshan Road, Taoyuan Dist., Taoyuan 330, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Ming Chuan University, 5 De Ming Road, Gui Shan Dist., Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7462-4700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiung-Yi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Management, Yuan Ze University, 135 Yuan-Tung Road, Jung-Li, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7015-1432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dinh-Van","family":"Phan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Management, Yuan Ze University, 135 Yuan-Tung Road, Jung-Li, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan"},{"name":"Innovation Center for Big Data and Digital Convergence, Yuan Ze University, 135 Yuan-Tung Road, Jung-Li, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan"},{"name":"University of Economics, The University of Danang, 71 Ngu Hanh Son Street, Danang 550000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7486-7075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chien-Lung","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Management, Yuan Ze University, 135 Yuan-Tung Road, Jung-Li, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan"},{"name":"Innovation Center for Big Data and Digital Convergence, Yuan Ze University, 135 Yuan-Tung Road, Jung-Li, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-012-9657-y","article-title":"Fetal and infant origins of asthma","volume":"27","author":"Duijts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2011-200324","article-title":"Coarse and fine particles but not ultrafine particles in urban air trigger hospital admission for asthma in children","volume":"67","author":"Iskandar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127.e3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.05.002","article-title":"Childhood asthma hospitalizations in the United States, 2000\u20132009","volume":"163","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2018, December 27). Ambient Air Pollution\u2014A Major Threat to Health and Climate. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/airpollution\/ambient\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.06.064","article-title":"The impact of the Clean Air Act","volume":"161","author":"Ross","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, X.-Y., Ding, H., Jiang, L.-N., Chen, S.-W., Zheng, J.-P., Qiu, M., Zhou, Y.-X., Chen, Q., and Guan, W.-J. (2015). Association between air pollutants and asthma emergency room visits and hospital admissions in time series studies: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138146"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"National Health Insurance Administration (2018, August 27). Background of National Health Insurance Research Database Taiwan: National Health Insurance Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare. Available online: http:\/\/nhird.nhri.org.tw\/en\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2010.05.002","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and hospital admission in Shanghai, China","volume":"181","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181cc86e8","article-title":"Protecting human health from air pollution: Shifting from a single-pollutant to a multi-pollutant approach","volume":"21","author":"Dominici","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-12-85","article-title":"Statistical strategies for constructing health risk models with multiple pollutants and their interactions: Possible choices and comparisons","volume":"12","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-3180.2015.0237250216","article-title":"Air pollution and respiratory diseases: Ecological time series","volume":"134","author":"Nascimento","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sao Paulo Med. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2011.01.014","article-title":"Acute effects of air pollution on pediatric asthma exacerbation: Evidence of association and effect modification","volume":"111","author":"Samoli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.10.024","article-title":"Acute effects of ambient air pollution on lower respiratory infections in hanoi children: An eight-year time series study","volume":"110","author":"Nhung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"302","article-title":"Asthma and ambient pollutants: A time series study","volume":"58","author":"Nascimento","year":"2012","journal-title":"Revista da Associa\u00e7\u00e3o M\u00e9dica Brasileira"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.08.102","article-title":"PM2.5 components and outpatient visits for asthma: A time-stratified case-crossover study in a suburban area","volume":"231","author":"Jung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1080\/10962247.2015.1020396","article-title":"Long-term particulate matter exposure: Attributing health effects to individual PM components","volume":"65","author":"Wyzga","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1007\/s12199-010-0150-5","article-title":"The effects of weather, air pollutants, and Asian dust on hospitalization for asthma in Fukuoka","volume":"15","author":"Ueda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Health Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2004.033977","article-title":"Traffic related air pollution as a determinant of asthma among Taiwanese school children","volume":"60","author":"Hwang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orellano, P., Quaranta, N., Reynoso, J., Balbi, B., and Vasquez, J. (2017). Effect of outdoor air pollution on asthma exacerbations in children and adults: Systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174050"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60617-6","article-title":"Outdoor air pollution and asthma","volume":"383","author":"Guarnieri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"EHI-S15671","DOI":"10.4137\/EHI.S15671","article-title":"Mechanisms of heightened airway sensitivity and responses to inhaled SO2 in asthmatics","volume":"9","author":"Reno","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Health Insights"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/218957","article-title":"Active and uncontrolled asthma among children exposed to air stack emissions of sulphur dioxide from petroleum refineries in Montreal, Quebec: A cross-sectional study","volume":"19","author":"Deger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19742","DOI":"10.3402\/ijch.v72i0.19742","article-title":"Environmental exposure as an independent risk factor of chronic bronchitis in northwest Russia","volume":"72","author":"Nieminen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Circumpolar Health"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2008.03053.x","article-title":"Prior SO2 exposure promotes airway inflammation and subepithelial fibrosis following repeated ovalbumin challenge","volume":"38","author":"Cai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.11606\/S1518-8787.2017051000223","article-title":"Air pollution and hospitalizations in the largest Brazilian metropolis","volume":"51","author":"Gouveia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Revista de Saude Publica"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esposito, S., Tenconi, R., Lelii, M., Preti, V., Nazzari, E., Consolo, S., and Patria, M.F. (2014). Possible molecular mechanisms linking air pollution and asthma in children. BMC Pulm. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2466-14-31"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12561","article-title":"The influence of childhood traffic-related air pollution exposure on asthma, allergy and sensitization: A systematic review and a meta-analysis of birth cohort studies","volume":"70","author":"Bowatte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2011.06.007","article-title":"Hospital admissions for asthma and acute bronchitis in El Paso, Texas: Do age, sex, and insurance status modify the effects of dust and low wind events?","volume":"111","author":"Grineski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12419","article-title":"Epidemiology of asthma exacerbations and their relation with environmental factors in the Basque Country","volume":"45","author":"Altzibar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201002-0296OC","article-title":"Desert dust exposure is associated with increased risk of asthma hospitalization in children","volume":"182","author":"Kanatani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-015-0010-2","article-title":"Ambient ozone exposure and children\u2019s acute asthma in New York City: A case-crossover analysis","volume":"14","author":"Sheffield","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0900994","article-title":"A growing role for gender analysis in air pollution epidemiology","volume":"118","author":"Clougherty","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.01.006","article-title":"Estimating risk of emergency room visits for asthma from personal versus fixed site measurements of NO2","volume":"137","author":"Weichenthal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.02.013","article-title":"Association of short-term increases in ambient air pollution and timing of initial asthma diagnosis among Medicaid-enrolled children in a metropolitan area","volume":"131","author":"Wendt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Res."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/16\/2\/203\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:25:31Z","timestamp":1760185531000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/16\/2\/203"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,12]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph16020203"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16020203","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,12]]}}}