{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T13:30:50Z","timestamp":1762522250026,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,17]],"date-time":"2019-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1547683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ground level ozone (O3) plays an important role in controlling the oxidation budget in the boundary layer and thus affects the environment and causes severe health disorders. Ozone gas, being one of the well-known greenhouse gases, although present in small quantities, contributes to global warming. In this study, we present a predictive model for the steady-state ozone concentrations during daytime (13:00\u201317:00) and nighttime (01:00\u201305:00) at an urban coastal site. The model is based on a modified approach of the null cycle of O3 and NOx and was evaluated against a one-year data-base of O3 and nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2) measured at an urban coastal site in Jeddah, on the west coast of Saudi Arabia. The model for daytime concentrations was found to be linearly dependent on the concentration ratio of NO2 to NO whereas that for the nighttime period was suggested to be inversely proportional to NO2 concentrations. Knowing that reactions involved in tropospheric O3 formation are very complex, this proposed model provides reasonable predictions for the daytime and nighttime concentrations. Since the current description of the model is solely based on the null cycle of O3 and NOx, other precursors could be considered in future development of this model. This study will serve as basis for future studies that might introduce informing strategies to control ground level O3 concentrations, as well as its precursors\u2019 emissions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16020258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,17]],"date-time":"2019-01-17T11:30:27Z","timestamp":1547724627000},"page":"258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A Predictive Model for Steady State Ozone Concentration at an Urban-Coastal Site"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mansour A.","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Afnan","family":"Al-Hunaiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sharif","family":"Arar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mamdouh","family":"Khoder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmad S.","family":"Abdelmaksoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hisham","family":"Al-Jeelani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heikki","family":"Lihavainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute, Erik Palm\u00e9nin aukio 1, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antti","family":"Hyv\u00e4rinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute, Erik Palm\u00e9nin aukio 1, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim I.","family":"Shabbaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fahd M.","family":"Almehmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martha A.","family":"Zaidan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0241-6435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tareq","family":"Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1105-9043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lubna","family":"Dada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2000). 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