{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T14:36:47Z","timestamp":1782225407968,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,16]],"date-time":"2019-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["71473123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71473123"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Top-notch Academic Programs Project of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions","award":["PPZY2015A067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PPZY2015A067"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012246","name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["xx"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["xx"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rising frequency of eating-away-from-home (EAFH) is suspected to be correlated with several non-communicable diseases. This study adopted the Chinese Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) 2009 data to investigate the association between being diagnosed with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and EAFH at different ages. Results showed that the association between EAFH and MetS varied at different ages and differed for males and females. EAFH was positively associated with a higher risk of getting MetS for males, especially for those aged between 45 and 60; while it was negatively associated with the risk of getting MetS for young females (&lt;45) (all p &lt; 0.05). In particular, EAFH was associated with a lower risk of getting high serum triglycerides (TGs), abdominal adiposity, elevated blood pressure, and impaired fasting blood glucose for young females, while higher risk of high serum TGs, abdominal adiposity, elevated blood pressure, and impaired fasting blood glucose for middle-aged males (all p &lt; 0.05). In addition, a higher frequency of EAFH was associated with a higher risk of abdominal adiposity and elevated blood pressure for older women, and a lower risk of elevated blood pressure, and impaired fasting blood glucose for younger men (all p &lt; 0.05). Our study implies that heterogeneous target strategies for preventing MetS in different subpopulation should be considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16040575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,17]],"date-time":"2019-02-17T22:11:50Z","timestamp":1550441510000},"page":"575","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Does Eating-Away-from-Home Increase the Risk of a Metabolic Syndrome Diagnosis?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hui","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingjie","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing 100034, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1070-3581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xu","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Economics and Management, China Center for Food Security Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095,  China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2017.09.027","article-title":"Eating out and getting fat? A comparative study between urban and rural China","volume":"120","author":"Zeng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"263","article-title":"Impact of income growth on food consumption pattern in urban China","volume":"15","author":"Zheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"China Econ. Q."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"23","article-title":"An analysis of food consumption in rural area of China 2000\u20132010 (in Chinese)","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"World Surv. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, X., Zhong, L., von Cramon-Taubadel, S., Tu, H., and Wang, H. (2016). Restaurants in the Neighborhood, Eating Away from Home and BMI in China. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167721"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2015.04.006","article-title":"Using semiparametric models to study nutrition improvement and dietary change with different indices: The case of China","volume":"53","author":"Tian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"262","article-title":"Dynamics of the nutrition transition and its implications for the developing world","volume":"56","author":"Popkin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Forum Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1997.tb01593.x","article-title":"The nutrition transition: New trends in the global diet","volume":"55","author":"Drewnowski","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644","article-title":"Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: A joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity","volume":"120","author":"Alberti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2013.24","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes\u2013still a matter of debate?","volume":"67","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lhotska, L., Sukupova, L., Lackovi\u0107, I., and Ibbott, G.S. (2018). Data Analytics for Metabolic Syndrome Diagnostics. World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering 2018, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-9023-3"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (2016). Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980\u20132015: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet, 388, 1459\u20131544."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation (2013). IDF Diabetes Atlas, International Diabetes Federation."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F2","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/suw030","article-title":"Outline of the report on cardiovascular diseases in China, 2014","volume":"18","author":"Weiwei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Suppl. J. Eur. Soc. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.168118","article-title":"Prevalence and control of diabetes in Chinese adults","volume":"310","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1177\/156482650402500310","article-title":"WHO global strategy on diet, physical activity and health","volume":"25","author":"Waxman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2016.212","article-title":"Dietary diversity and adiposity in Chinese men and women: An analysis of four waves of cross-sectional survey data","volume":"71","author":"Tian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980017003779","article-title":"Differences in nutrient and energy contents of commonly consumed dishes prepared in restaurants v. at home in Hunan Province, China","volume":"21","author":"Jia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.4162\/nrp.2016.10.3.294","article-title":"Dietary quality differs by consumption of meals prepared at home vs. outside in Korean adults","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2015.01.023","article-title":"The impact of price reductions on individuals\u2019 choice of healthy meals away from home","volume":"89","author":"Nordstrom","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2011.00953.x","article-title":"Eating out of home and its association with dietary intake: A systematic review of the evidence","volume":"13","author":"Lachat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obes. Rev. Off. J. Int. Assoc. Study Obes."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.1.201","article-title":"Differential associations of fast food and restaurant food consumption with 3-y change in body mass index: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study","volume":"85","author":"Duffey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"738","article-title":"Rising food accessibility contributed to the increasing dietary diversity in rural and urban China","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73568","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.20625","article-title":"Gender difference of metabolic syndrome and its association with dietary diversity at different ages","volume":"8","author":"Tian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.066381","article-title":"Quantity and variety in fruit and vegetable intake and risk of coronary heart disease","volume":"98","author":"Bhupathiraju","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-2388","article-title":"A prospective study of the association between quantity and variety of fruit and vegetable intake and incident type 2 diabetes","volume":"35","author":"Cooper","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.199067","article-title":"Dietary variety is inversely associated with body adiposity among US adults using a novel food diversity index","volume":"145","author":"Vadiveloo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2012.06.012","article-title":"Dietary (sensory) variety and energy balance","volume":"107","author":"McCrory","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orcp.2017.09.002","article-title":"Eating alone and metabolic syndrome: A population-based Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013\u20132014","volume":"12","author":"Kwon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obes. Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12119","article-title":"The China Health and Nutrition Survey, 1989\u20132011","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obes. Rev. Off. J. Int. Assoc. Study Obes."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China (2013). Professional Standard of Health Care of the People\u2019s Republic of China, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2984","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980016001257","article-title":"Gender difference in the association between food away-from-home consumption and body weight outcomes among Chinese adults","volume":"19","author":"Du","year":"2016","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980014001189","article-title":"Away-from-home eating: Nutritional status and dietary intake among Brazilian adults","volume":"18","author":"Bezerra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"136","article-title":"Gender differences in the metabolic syndrome and their role for cardiovascular disease","volume":"95","author":"Lehmkuhl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Cardiol. Off. J. Ger. Cardiac Soc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802531","article-title":"Plasma leptin is associated with insulin resistance independent of age, body mass index, fat mass, lipids, and pubertal development in nondiabetic adolescents","volume":"28","author":"Huang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metabol. Disord. J. Int. Assoc. Study Obes."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2017.10.024","article-title":"Obesity, body image, and its impact on children\u2019s eating and exercise behaviors in China: A nationwide longitudinal study","volume":"106","author":"Min","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2015.1030474","article-title":"Snacking Behavior and Obesity among Female Adolescents in Isfahan, Iran","volume":"35","author":"Azadbakht","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2011.12.017","article-title":"Dietary energy density is favorably associated with dietary diversity score among female university students in Isfahan","volume":"28","author":"Azadbakht","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"k4982","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k4982","article-title":"(Over)eating out at major UK restaurant chains: Observational study of energy content of main meals","volume":"363","author":"Robinson","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/16\/4\/575\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:32:36Z","timestamp":1760185956000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/16\/4\/575"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,16]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph16040575"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16040575","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,16]]}}}