{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:21:43Z","timestamp":1791390103699,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,25]],"date-time":"2019-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital","award":["Research Institute for Convergence of biomedical science and technology Grant (30-2018-000)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Research Institute for Convergence of biomedical science and technology Grant (30-2018-000)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), which causes heart disease and stroke, has increased significantly worldwide. Although many studies have revealed the relationship between heavy metals (cadmium, mercury, and lead), the sum of metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and MetS, the results remain inconsistent. No study has reported the association between various volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and phthalate metabolites with MetS. This cross-sectional study of a representative sample of adult South Koreans aimed to evaluate the relationship between heavy metals, VOC metabolites, phthalate metabolites, bisphenol A and MetS after adjusting for demographic variables. Data from the Korean National Environmental Health Survey II (2012\u20132014) (n = 5251) were used in the analysis. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed for MetS with log-transformed hazardous material quartiles after covariate adjustment. Urine muconic acid (MuA) and mono- (2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) levels were significantly associated with MetS after adjusting for confounders (odds ratio: 1.34 and 1.39, respectively). Urine MuA and MEHHP levels were significantly associated with MetS. Because of the rarity of this study, which investigated the relationship between each VOC and phthalate metabolite with MetS and the strict definition of all indirect measures of MetS components, further research is needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16040671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,25]],"date-time":"2019-02-25T10:56:53Z","timestamp":1551092213000},"page":"671","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Association between Heavy Metals, Bisphenol A, Volatile Organic Compounds and Phthalates and Metabolic Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yun Hwa","family":"Shim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Premedicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung Won","family":"Ock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Premedicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8137-8915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoon-Ji","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive, and Occupational &amp; Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7368-4245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youngki","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive, and Occupational &amp; Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Se Yeong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0657-0181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongmug","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive, and Occupational &amp; Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4619","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000004619","article-title":"The prevalence of carotid plaque with different stability and its association with metabolic syndrome in China: The Asymptomatic Polyvascular Abnormalities Community study","volume":"95","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-17-0129","article-title":"Association of Metabolic Syndrome and Human Papillomavirus Infection in Men and Women Residing in the United States","volume":"26","author":"Molokwu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. 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