{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:34:03Z","timestamp":1760240043869,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,26]],"date-time":"2019-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bruxism is a parafunctional activity that can seriously affect quality of life. Although bruxism induces many problems in the oral and maxillofacial area, whether it contributes to the onset of malocclusion remains unclear. The purpose of this prospective cohort study was to investigate the association between the onset of malocclusion and awareness of clenching during the daytime in young adults. Among 1,092 Okayama University students who underwent normal occlusion at baseline, we analysed 238 who had undergone a dental examination and had complete data after 3 years (2013\u20132016). We also performed subgroup analysis to focus on the association between awake bruxism and the onset of crowding (n = 216). Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using multivariate logistic regression analyses. The incidences of malocclusion and crowding were 53.8% and 44.5%, respectively. In multivariate logistic regression, awareness of clenching was a risk factor for crowding (OR: 3.63; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08\u201312.17). Moreover, underweight (body mass index &lt; 18.5 kg\/m2) was related to the onset of malocclusion (OR: 2.34; 95%CI: 1.11\u20134.92) and crowding (OR: 2.52, 95%CI: 1.25\u20135.76). These results suggest that awareness of clenching during the daytime and underweight are risk factors for the onset of crowding in young adults.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16050690","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,26]],"date-time":"2019-02-26T11:00:44Z","timestamp":1551178844000},"page":"690","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Awareness of Clenching and Underweight are Risk Factors for Onset of Crowding in Young Adults: A Prospective 3-Year Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5169-9171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naoki","family":"Toyama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1876-5605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daisuke","family":"Ekuni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3104-1994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayano","family":"Taniguchi-Tabata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kota","family":"Kataoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mayu","family":"Yamane-Takeuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kohei","family":"Fujimori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Terumasa","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daiki","family":"Fukuhara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1168-0235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koichiro","family":"Irie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, 650 West 168 Street 141 Black Building, New York, NY 10032, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tetsuji","family":"Azuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Oral Health, Asahi University School of Dentistry, 1851-1 Hozumi, Mizuho, Gifu 501-0296, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshiaki","family":"Iwasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Service Center, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manabu","family":"Morita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12011","article-title":"Bruxism defined and graded: An international consensus","volume":"40","author":"Lobbezoo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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