{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:34:12Z","timestamp":1760240052874,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,27]],"date-time":"2019-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["103-2314-B-038-018","104-2621-M-038-002-MY3","105-2113-M-400-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["103-2314-B-038-018","104-2621-M-038-002-MY3","105-2113-M-400-005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital","award":["107TMU-WFH-11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107TMU-WFH-11"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004737","name":"National Health Research Institutes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NHRI-BN-105-PP-27"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NHRI-BN-105-PP-27"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004737","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Air pollution is known to increase the risk of pneumonia. However, the effects of air pollution on the pleural effusion of patients with pneumonia are unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate alterations in inflammatory\u2013immune biomarkers by air pollution in patients with pneumonia by analyzing their pleural effusion. Patients who had undergone thoracentesis to drain their pleural effusion in a hospital were recruited for this study. Patients with pneumonia and those with congestive heart failure respectively served as the case and control groups. We observed that an increase of 1 ppb in one-year NO2 was associated with a decrease of 0.105 ng\/mL in cluster of differentiation 62 (CD62) (95% confidence interval (CI) = \u22120.085, \u22120.004, p &lt; 0.05) in the pleural effusion. Furthermore, we observed that an increase in one\u2212year 1 ppb of NO2 was associated with a decrease of 0.026 ng\/mL in molybdenum (Mo) (95% CI = \u22120.138, \u22120.020, p &lt; 0.05). An increase in one-year 1 ppb of SO2 was associated with a decrease of 0.531 ng\/mL in zinc (95% CI = \u22120.164, \u22120.006, p &lt; 0.05). Also, an increase in one-year 1 ppb of O3 was associated with a decrease of 0.025 ng\/mL in Mo (95% CI = \u22120.372, \u22120.053, p &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, air pollution exposure, especially gaseous pollution, may be associated with the regulation of immune responses and changes in metal levels in the pleural effusion of pneumonia patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16050705","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,27]],"date-time":"2019-02-27T11:41:03Z","timestamp":1551267663000},"page":"705","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Alterations by Air Pollution in Inflammation and Metals in Pleural Effusion of Pneumonia Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Kuan-Jen","family":"Bai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai-Jen","family":"Chuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3433-5971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jen-Kun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering &amp; Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Life Sciences and School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Yu","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Center, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"You-Lan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chih-Cheng","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4780-2687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tzu-Tao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chun-Nin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Po-Hao","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kuan-Yuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kang-Yun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chein-Ling","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shu-Chuan","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheng-Ming","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4651-5192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsiao-Chi","family":"Chuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, 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