{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T21:12:16Z","timestamp":1790716336103,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,2]],"date-time":"2019-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004442","name":"Narodowym Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015\/17\/Z\/NZ7\/04273"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015\/17\/Z\/NZ7\/04273"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004442","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"Narodowe Centrum Bada\u0144 i Rozwoju","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ERA-HDHL\/01\/ALPHABET\/1\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERA-HDHL\/01\/ALPHABET\/1\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. Nofera","award":["IMP10.31\/2017-2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IMP10.31\/2017-2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Characterization of dietary patterns represents a valid and meaningful measure of overall diet quality and nutrient intake. The study aims at evaluating the sociodemographic, lifestyle, environmental, and pregnancy-related determinants of maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy. Methods: The analysis was conducted on a group of pregnant women from the Polish Mother and Child Cohort (REPRO_PL). During the second trimester of pregnancy, 1306 women filled in a modified version of the validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Dietary patterns were estimated using an exploratory factor analysis. Potential dietary determinants were assessed via a questionnaire or biomarker measurements (saliva cotinine level). Results: Two dietary patterns were identified. The Prudent dietary pattern was characterized by high consumption of fruit, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, poultry, and low-fat dairy products, while the Western dietary pattern included high intake of refined grains, processed meat, potatoes, and very low intake of whole grains. Clear sociodemographic, environmental, lifestyle, and pregnancy-related determinants of diet quality were established. Older age (\u03b2 = 0.2; p &lt; 0.01), higher educational level (\u03b2 = 0.3; p &lt; 0.01), and socioeconomic status (SES) (\u03b2 = 0.2; p &lt; 0.01), overweight\/obesity before (\u03b2 = 0.3; p &lt; 0.01), as well as physical activity during pregnancy (\u03b2 = 0.2; p = 0.01) were positive determinants of a healthier diet (increasing Prudent\u2013Western difference in dietary pattern scores). On the other hand, parity (\u03b2 = \u22120.2; p = 0.04) and living in small cities (\u03b2 = \u22120.3; p = 0.02) were significantly related to a rather Western dietary pattern. Conclusions: The current study presents evidence on specific factors influencing dietary patterns. They need to be accounted for in educational programs and interventions focused on healthy diet recommendations during pregnancy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16050754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,4]],"date-time":"2019-03-04T05:45:36Z","timestamp":1551678336000},"page":"754","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Sociodemographic, Lifestyle, Environmental and Pregnancy-Related Determinants of Dietary Patterns during Pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ewelina","family":"Weso\u0142owska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 91-348 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9201-9328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Jankowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 91-348 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Trafalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-647 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Ka\u0142u\u017cny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 91-348 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariusz","family":"Grzesiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics, Perinatology and Gynecology Department, Polish Mother\u2019s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, 93-338 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jolanta","family":"Dominowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Teaching Midwifery, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7162-2569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Hanke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 91-348 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gemma","family":"Calamandrei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, National Institute of Health, I-00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3212-2307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kinga","family":"Pola\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 91-348 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.311.6998.171","article-title":"Fetal origins of coronary heart disease","volume":"15","author":"Barker","year":"1995","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3416","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2015-1394","article-title":"Developmental Origins of Health and Disease: Integrating Environmental Influences","volume":"156","author":"Heindel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2015.12.017","article-title":"Maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy and offspring cardiometabolic health at age 6 years: The generation R study","volume":"36","author":"Leermakers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. 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