{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T05:46:25Z","timestamp":1790660785632,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,5]],"date-time":"2019-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000996","name":"Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Australian Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["66440"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["66440"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000996","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper explores the validity (sensitivity and specificity) of different cut-off levels of the UNICEF\/Washington Group Child Functioning Module (CFM) and the inter-rater reliability between teachers and parents as proxy respondents, for disaggregating Fiji\u2019s education management information system (EMIS) by disability. The method used was a cross-sectional diagnostic accuracy study comparing CFM items to standard clinical assessments for 472 primary school aged students in Fiji. Whilst previous domain-specific results showed \u201cgood\u201d to \u201cexcellent\u201d accuracy of the CFM domains seeing, hearing, walking and speaking, newer analysis shows only \u201cfair\u201d to \u201cpoor\u201d accuracy of the cognitive domains (learning, remembering and focusing attention) and \u201cfair\u201d of the overall CFM (area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve: 0.763 parent responses, 0.786 teacher responses). Severe impairments are reported relatively evenly across CFM response categories \u201csome difficulty\u201d, \u201ca lot of difficulty\u201d and \u201ccannot do at all\u201d. Most moderate impairments are reported as \u201csome difficulty\u201d. The CFM provides a core component of data required for disaggregating Fiji\u2019s EMIS by disability. However, choice of cut-off level and mixture of impairment severity reported across response categories are challenges. The CFM alone is not accurate enough to determine funding eligibility. For identifying children with disabilities, the CFM should be part of a broader data collection including learning and support needs data and undertaking eligibility verification visits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16050806","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,5]],"date-time":"2019-03-05T11:19:50Z","timestamp":1551784790000},"page":"806","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The UNICEF\/Washington Group Child Functioning Module\u2014Accuracy, Inter-Rater Reliability and Cut-Off Level for Disability Disaggregation of Fiji\u2019s Education Management Information System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2242-4456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beth","family":"Sprunt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nossal Institute for Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"McPake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nossal Institute for Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1877-7956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manjula","family":"Marella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nossal Institute for Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"United Nations (2006). 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