{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:12:47Z","timestamp":1787760767981,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,18]],"date-time":"2019-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although increasing attention has been given to student academic achievement, usually measured by grade point average (GPA), and fitness in children and adolescents, much fewer studies have been conducted in higher education settings, especially in China. This study investigated the longitudinal associations of aerobic fitness (AF), body mass index (BMI), and GPA in Chinese pre-service teachers at a university. A longitudinal research design was employed to track changes in AF, BMI, and GPA, for a total of 1980 students for four years. Multi-level growth models were used to examine the interactive changes of the above three variables. It was found that GPA and BMI increased each year, while AF declined dramatically at the fourth year. The three-way interaction among GPA, gender, and BMI was significant, suggesting females who were overweight\/obese had lower GPA. The data from the current study suggested that AF did not impact students\u2019 GPA. Class standing (i.e., the fourth year) and gender (i.e., females) need to be taken into consideration when designing interventions to improve student overall fitness and academic performance in Chinese pre-service teacher populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16060966","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,18]],"date-time":"2019-03-18T12:18:53Z","timestamp":1552911533000},"page":"966","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Tracking Changes of Chinese Pre-Service Teachers\u2019 Aerobic Fitness, Body Mass Index, and Grade Point Average Over 4-years of College"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xiaofen","family":"Keating","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Education, Minzhu University of China, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Department of Curriculum and Instruction, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rulan","family":"Shangguan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Curriculum and Instruction, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kunpeng","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, University of Science and Technology, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9896-3267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xue","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lyndon Johnson School of Public Affairs, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Connor","family":"Sheehan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Human Development, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, North East Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeff","family":"Colburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Curriculum and Instruction, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, North East Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Education, Minzhu University of China, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1111\/josh.12058","article-title":"Physical Fitness, Academic Achievement, and Socioeconomic Status in School-Aged Youth","volume":"83","author":"Coe","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Sch. Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3182703774","article-title":"Prospective BMI category change associated with cardiovascular fitness change","volume":"45","author":"Baranowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1108\/00346650910992213","article-title":"Academic achievement, BMI, and fast food intake of American and Japanese college students","volume":"39","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nutr. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000830","article-title":"Longitudinal relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and academic achievement","volume":"48","author":"Sardinha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1111\/josh.12643","article-title":"Relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness, weight status, and academic performance: Longitudinal evidence from 1 school district","volume":"88","author":"Aske","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sch. Health"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1111\/josh.12666","article-title":"Longitudinal evaluation of aerobic fitness and academic achievement among schoolchildren","volume":"88","author":"Bartee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sch. Health"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-097361","article-title":"How does academic achievement relate to cardiorespiratory fitness, self-reported physical activity and objectively reported physical activity: A systematic review in children and adolescents aged 6\u201318 years","volume":"52","author":"Marques","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2012.00718.x","article-title":"A longitudinal study of childhood obesity, weight status change, and subsequent academic performance in Taiwanese children","volume":"82","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sch. Health"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2016.04.055","article-title":"Relationships among fitness, obesity, screen time and academic achievement in Japanese adolescents","volume":"163","author":"Morita","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/cyv016","article-title":"Physical activity, physical fitness and academic achievement in adolescents: A self-organizing maps approach","volume":"30","author":"Morales","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/cyu043","article-title":"Physical fitness and academic performance in primary school children with and without a social disadvantage","volume":"29","author":"Hartman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mhpa.2013.06.002","article-title":"Indirect and direct relations between aerobic fitness, physical activity, and academic achievement in elementary school students","volume":"6","author":"Lambourne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ment. Health Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e318276bb4c","article-title":"Association of weekly strength exercise frequency and academic performance among students at a large university in the United States","volume":"27","author":"Keating","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012029","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1114\/1\/012029","article-title":"Influence of studying while working and learning motivation to academic achievement of college students majoring information system at Stmik Royal Kisaran","volume":"1114","author":"Sinaga","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1891\/1052-3073.27.2.172","article-title":"Financial stress, coping strategy, and academic achievement of college students","volume":"27","author":"Britt","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Financ. Couns. Plan. Columb."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-2389.00228","article-title":"Using Recruiter Assessments of Applicants\u2019 Resume Content to Predict Applicant Mental Ability and Big Five Personality Dimensions","volume":"11","author":"Cole","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Sel. Assess."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-0597.2007.00288.x","article-title":"Recruiters\u2019 Perceptions and Use of Applicant R\u00e9sum\u00e9 Information: Screening the Recent Graduate","volume":"56","author":"Cole","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.79.6.897","article-title":"Biodata phenomenology: Recruiters\u2019 perceptions and use of biographical information in resume screening","volume":"79","author":"Brown","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.85.3.399","article-title":"College grade point average as a personnel selection device: Ethnic group differences and potential adverse impact","volume":"85","author":"Roth","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2008.10.045","article-title":"College weight gain and behavior transitions: Male and female differences","volume":"109","author":"Cluskey","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2010.483705","article-title":"Perceptions of body weight, weight management strategies, and depressive symptoms among US college students","volume":"59","author":"Harring","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Health"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"163","article-title":"Physical activity patterns, perceived health, and BMI among university students","volume":"28","author":"Keating","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Stud."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1353\/csd.2011.0038","article-title":"Changes in college student health: Implications for academic performance","volume":"52","author":"Ruthig","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Coll. Stud. Dev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.116.240192","article-title":"Combined iron deficiency and low aerobic fitness doubly burden academic performance among women attending university","volume":"147","author":"Scott","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12773","article-title":"Physical fitness and academic performance in youth: A systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Santana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2014.898979","article-title":"Critical Measurement Issues\/Challenges in Assessing Aerobic Capacity in Youth","volume":"85","author":"Cureton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. Q. Exerc. Sport"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Keating, X.D., Smolianov, P., Liu, X., Castro-Pi\u00f1ero, J., and Smith, J. (2018). Youth fitness testing practices: Global trends and new development. Sport J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e31812e527f","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness, BMI, and risk of hypertension: The HYPGENE study","volume":"39","author":"Rankinen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mco.0000241662.92642.08","article-title":"Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and adiposity: Contributions to disease risk","volume":"9","author":"LaMonte","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Institute, T.C. (2010). Fitnessgram and Activitygram Test Administration Manual-Updated, Human Kinetics. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.06.019","article-title":"Associations between Physical Activity, Fitness, and Academic Achievement","volume":"155","author":"Kwak","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"308","article-title":"Comparative analysis of exercise motivation of university students at different levels of body mass index (bmi)","volume":"18","author":"Azeem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ovidius Univ. Ann. Ser. Phys. Educ. Sport\/Sci. Mov. Health"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"O59","DOI":"10.1186\/2050-2974-3-S1-O59","article-title":"Binge eating symptomatology, BMI, and health","volume":"3","author":"Mackenzie","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2017.252","article-title":"The association between BMI and health-related quality of life in the US population: Sex, age and ethnicity matters","volume":"42","author":"Laxy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Desai, I.K., Kurpad, A.V., Chomitz, V.R., and Tinku, T. (2015). Aerobic fitness, micronutrient status, and academic achievement in Indian school-aged children. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0122487"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"90.e4","article-title":"A mediation analysis on the relationship of physical fitness components, obesity, and academic performance in children","volume":"198","author":"Palou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.08.051","article-title":"The relationship between childhood aerobic fitness and brain functional connectivity","volume":"632","author":"Kamijo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2016.1266639","article-title":"Can weight predict academic performance in college students? An analysis of college women\u2019s self-efficacy, absenteeism, and depressive symptoms as mediators","volume":"65","author":"Villatte","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Health"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1111\/josh.12424","article-title":"Longitudinal relationships of fitness, physical activity, and weight status with academic achievement in adolescents","volume":"86","author":"Suchert","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sch. Health"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-12-162","article-title":"Weight, socio-demographics, and health behaviour related correlates of academic performance in first year university students","volume":"12","author":"Deliens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"6","article-title":"GPA and physical fitness levels: Examining grade point averages and health-related physical fitness levels in college students - results of a pilot study","volume":"41","author":"Connaughton","year":"2003","journal-title":"FAHPERD J. Health Phys. Educ. Recreat. Dance"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"515","article-title":"Effect of body mass index on physical self concept, cognition & academic performance of first year medical students","volume":"138","author":"Agarwal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2011.00608.x","article-title":"A longitudinal examination of the link between youth physical fitness and academic achievement","volume":"81","author":"London","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sch. Health"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20870","article-title":"Brain structure and obesity","volume":"31","author":"Raji","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.01.006","article-title":"Evidence that aerobic fitness Is more salient than weight status in predicting standardized math and reading outcomes in fourth-through eighth-grade students","volume":"163","author":"Rauner","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.04.064","article-title":"Negative association between obesity and academic performance\u2014Physical fitness may help mediate the effects","volume":"198","author":"Washington","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"1","article-title":"Physical Fitness and Psychological Wellness of Saudi Engineering Students as Related to Academic Achievement","volume":"149","author":"Bafail","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. King Abdulaziz Univ. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201S","DOI":"10.3945\/an.111.000331","article-title":"A Narrative Review of Physical Activity, Nutrition, and Obesity to Cognition and Scholastic Performance across the Human Lifespan","volume":"2","author":"Burkhalter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1123\/rsj.33.1.43","article-title":"Comparison of Health and Academic Indices Between Campus Recreation Facility Users and Nonusers","volume":"33","author":"Todd","year":"2009","journal-title":"Recreat. Sports J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1177\/0143034317717582","article-title":"Understanding adolescents\u2019 mental health and academic achievement: Does physical fitness matter?","volume":"38","author":"Xiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sch. Psychol. Int."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.4100\/jhse.2011.61.13","article-title":"Changes in weight indexes and aerobic fitness of physical education students over three years of college","volume":"6","author":"Meckel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hum. Sport and Exerc."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"539","article-title":"Changes in body mass index of Chinese college students over 4 years of college","volume":"52","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Coll. Stud. J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.058321","article-title":"Criterion-related validity of field-based fitness tests in youth: A systematic review","volume":"44","author":"Artero","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Chinese Department of Sports Hygiene and Health Education (2019, March 17). Physical Fitness Monitoring and Research, Available online: http:\/\/www.moe.gov.cn\/s78\/A17\/twys_left\/moe_943\/."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, M., Schumann, M., Huang, T., T\u00f6rm\u00e4kangas, T., and Cheng, S. (2018). Normal weight obesity and physical fitness in Chinese university students: An overlooked association. BMC Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-6238-3"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"99","article-title":"An analysis on the change of the physical fitness of college students in four year\u2019s campus life","volume":"33","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Beijing Sport Univ."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2015.1040312","article-title":"Fitter students or flabbier standards? Thoughts and reflection on the findings of a recent Chinese fitness study","volume":"86","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res. Q. Exerc. Sport"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"18","article-title":"Role Modeling: The Forgotten Part of Elementary School Physical Education","volume":"14","author":"Bradford","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. High. Educ. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Fishburne, G.J. (2005). Unit Plans, Lesson Plans, and Yearly Programs for Developmentally Appropriate Physical Education for Children and Youth, Ripon Publishing."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Pangrazi, R.P., and Beighle, A. (2013). Dynamic Physical Education for Elementary School Children, Pearson. [17th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000074","article-title":"Role modeling as an early childhood obesity prevention strategy: Effect of parents and teachers on preschool children\u2019s healthy lifestyle habits","volume":"35","author":"Natale","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singer, J.D., Willett, J.B., and Eliot, C.W. (2003). Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis: Modeling Change and Event Occurrence, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195152968.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-14-00559","article-title":"Physical fitness and academic performance: A pilot investigation in USU medical students","volume":"180","author":"Stephens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behaviors Science, Laurence Erlbaum Associates. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.1.4.331","article-title":"Computing Contrasts, Effect Sizes, and Counternulls on Other People\u2019s Published Data: General Procedures for Research Consumers","volume":"1","author":"Rosenthal","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803774","article-title":"Physical fitness in childhood and adolescence: A powerful marker of health","volume":"32","author":"Ortega","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1080\/01443410701491858","article-title":"Stress and psychological distress among trainee secondary teachers in England","volume":"28","author":"Chaplain","year":"2008","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"253","article-title":"Remembering to Breathe: The Challenges and Rewards of Teaching Mindfulness Practices to Pre-Service Teachers","volume":"49","author":"Lucas","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Educ. Thought (JET)\/Revue de la Pens\u00e9e \u00c9ducative"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1080\/00220670903228611","article-title":"The Socioemotional Experiences of Student Teachers During Practicum: A Case of Reality Shock?","volume":"103","author":"Caires","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2016.10.014","article-title":"Examining the Weight Trajectory of College Students","volume":"49","author":"Pope","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Educ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2007.01.001","article-title":"Changes in Weight and Health Behaviors from Freshman through Senior Year of College","volume":"40","author":"Racette","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Educ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Qian, H., and Fu, H. (2018). To be thin but not healthy\u2014The body-image dilemma may affect health among female university students in China. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205282"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2006.02.013","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic and socioeconomic status differences in overweight and health-related behaviors among American students: National trends 1986\u20132003","volume":"39","author":"Delva","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1177\/1043659614539176","article-title":"Results of a culturally adapted internet-enhanced physical activity pilot intervention for overweight and obese young adult African American women","volume":"27","author":"Joseph","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Transcult. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4724","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000004724","article-title":"A comparison of bone mineral densities and body composition between Southeast Asia college students and Chinese college students","volume":"95","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2015.06.383","article-title":"Overweight perception: Associations with weight control goals, attempts, and practices among Chinese female college students","volume":"116","author":"Tanenbaum","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2016.1238385","article-title":"Tracking weight change, insulin resistance, stress, and aerobic fitness over 4 years of college","volume":"65","author":"Hopper","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Health"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/16\/6\/966\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:38:40Z","timestamp":1760186320000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/16\/6\/966"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,18]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph16060966"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16060966","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,18]]}}}