{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:34:32Z","timestamp":1760240072219,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,19]],"date-time":"2019-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Rolex Awards for Enterprise","award":["Special Collaboration Grants"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Special Collaboration Grants"]}]},{"name":"UK National Environmental Research Council Grant","award":["NE\/M021084\/1."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/M021084\/1."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hawai\u2019i Island often receives extreme (UV Index \u2265 11) solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR). While the UV Index (UVI) has been measured since 1997 at Hawai\u2019i\u2019s high-altitude Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO), measurements where people live and recreate are rare. We measured UVI on the face of a rotating mannequin head with UVR sensors at its eyes, ears and cheeks while simultaneously measuring the UVI with a zenith-facing sensor at MLO and seven sites at or near sea level from 19 July to 14 August 2018. The mannequin sensors received higher UVR at midmorning and midafternoon than at noon. For example, at sea level the peak UVI at the left cheek was 5.2 at midmorning and 2.9 at noon, while the horizontal UVI at noon was 12.7. Our measurements were supplemented with wide-angle (190\u00b0 and 360\u00b0) sky photographs and UV images of the mannequin head. Because the UVI applies to horizontal surfaces, people in tropical and temperate latitudes should be informed that their face may be more vulnerable to UVR at midmorning and midafternoon than at noon. Finally, our instruments provided opportunities to measure unexpected UVR-altering events, including rare biomass smoke over MLO and spectroscopic measurements of substantial UVR-absorbing sulfur dioxide in the eruption plume of the Kilauea volcano.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16060997","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,19]],"date-time":"2019-03-19T12:12:25Z","timestamp":1552997545000},"page":"997","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Measuring and Visualizing Solar UV for a Wide Range of Atmospheric Conditions on Hawai\u2019i Island"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8680-7758","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"III","given":"Forrest M.","family":"Mims","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geronimo Creek Observatory, 433 Twin Oak Road, Seguin, TX 78155, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0234-9981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew J. S.","family":"McGonigle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK"},{"name":"School of Geosciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3448-6067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas C.","family":"Wilkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8430-8907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfio V.","family":"Parisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1439-3285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William B.","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sunlight, Nutrition, and Health Research Center, P.O. Box 641603, San Francisco, CA 94164-1603, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9270-363X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph M.","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6028-308X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom D.","family":"Pering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,19]]},"reference":[{"unstructured":"(2018, December 09). USDA UV-B Monitoring and Research Program, Colorado State University 2018. 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