{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T23:50:37Z","timestamp":1792194637837,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,21]],"date-time":"2019-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005564","name":"Gilead Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Unknown"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Unknown"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000960","name":"Healthway","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Unknown"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Unknown"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000960","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>People born in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia are overrepresented in HIV notifications in Australia. Just under half of all notifications among people from sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia are diagnosed late. Increased HIV testing among these communities is necessary to ensure early diagnosis, better care and reduce likelihood of HIV onward transmission. Recently, Australia has made new HIV testing methods available: rapid HIV testing and self-testing kits. We conducted 11 focus groups with 77 participants with people from sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia and Northeast Asia in four jurisdictions in Australia. Focus groups discussed barriers to HIV testing and the acceptability of new testing methods. Barriers to HIV testing included: cost and eligibility of health services, low visibility of HIV in Australia, HIV-related stigma, and missed opportunities by general practitioners (GPs) for early diagnosis of HIV and linkage into care. Participants had low levels of knowledge on where to test for HIV and the different methods available. Diverse opportunities for testing were considered important. Interventions to increase HIV testing rates among sub-Saharan African, Southeast Asia and Northeast Asian migrants in Australia need to be multi-strategic and aimed at individual, community and policy levels. New methods of HIV testing, including rapid HIV testing and self-testing, present an opportunity to engage with migrants outside of traditional health care settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16061034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,21]],"date-time":"2019-03-21T12:28:01Z","timestamp":1553171281000},"page":"1034","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Why I Can\u2019t, Won\u2019t or Don\u2019t Test for HIV: Insights from Australian Migrants Born in Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia and Northeast Asia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4894-8944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corie","family":"Gray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaboration for Evidence, Research and Impact in Public Health, School of Public Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roanna","family":"Lobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaboration for Evidence, Research and Impact in Public Health, School of Public Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lea","family":"Narciso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communicable Disease Control Branch, Public Health and Clinical Systems, Department for Health and Wellbeing, Government of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enaam","family":"Oudih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PEACE Multicultural Services, Relationships Australia South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Praveena","family":"Gunaratnam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4415-9438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Thorpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4426-2833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gemma","family":"Crawford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaboration for Evidence, Research and Impact in Public Health, School of Public Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"United Nations (2017). International Migration Report 2017 (ST\/ESA\/SER.A\/403), United Nations."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (2018, June 14). 3412.0 - Migration, Australia, 2015-16, Available online: http:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/ausstats\/abs@.nsf\/mf\/3412.0\/."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1839-4655.2003.tb01145.x","article-title":"Health needs of migrant Vietnamese women in south-west Brisbane: An exploratory study","volume":"38","author":"Stewart","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aust. J. Soc. Issues"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mengesha, Z.B., Perz, J., Dune, T., and Ussher, J. (2017). Refugee and migrant women\u2019s engagement with sexual and reproductive health care in Australia: A socio-ecological analysis of health care professional perspectives. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181421"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000415","article-title":"HIV outcomes among migrants from low-income and middle-income countries living in high-income countries: A review of recent evidence","volume":"31","author":"Ross","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"The Kirby Institute (2018). HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmissible infections in Australia: Annual Surveillance Report 2018, Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Department of Health Australian Government (2014). Seventh National HIV Strategy 2014 - 2017."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Crawford, G., Lobo, R., Brown, G., and Langdon, P. (2014). HIV and Mobility in Australia: Road Map for Action, Western Australian Centre for Health Promotion Research and Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1002\/hpja.168","article-title":"HIV knowledge and use of health services among people from South East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa living in Western Australia","volume":"29","author":"Gray","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Promot. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crawford, G., Lobo, R., Brown, G., Macri, C., Smith, H., and Maycock, B. (2016). HIV, Other Blood-Borne Viruses and Sexually Transmitted Infections amongst Expatriates and Travellers to Low-and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13121249"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1071\/HE15042","article-title":"The influence of population mobility on changing patterns of HIV acquisition: Lessons for and from Australia","volume":"27","author":"Crawford","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Promot. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agu, J., Lobo, R., Crawford, G., and Chigwada, B. (2016). Migrant Sexual Health Help-Seeking and Experiences of Stigmatization and Discrimination in Perth, Western Australia: Exploring Barriers and Enablers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13050485"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rade, D., Crawford, G., Lobo, R., Gray, C., and Brown, G. (2018). Sexual Health Help-Seeking Behavior among Migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa and South East Asia living in High Income Countries: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15071311"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1080\/07399332.2010.529216","article-title":"Barriers to accessing health care services for West African refugee women living in Western Australia","volume":"32","author":"Drummond","year":"2011","journal-title":"Healthc. Women Int."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1071\/SH07077","article-title":"HIV\/AIDS knowledge and attitudes among West African immigrant women in Western Australia","volume":"5","author":"Drummond","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sex. Health"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120600944692","article-title":"Late HIV diagnosis of people from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds in Sydney: The role of culture and community","volume":"19","author":"Korner","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2016.1214746","article-title":"Healthcare-seeking behaviour in relation to sexual and reproductive health among Thai-born women in Sweden: A qualitative study","volume":"19","author":"Westerling","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cult. Health Sex."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120903499170","article-title":"\u201cIf I cannot access services, then there is no reason for me to test\u201d: The impacts of health service charges on HIV testing and treatment amongst migrants in England","volume":"22","author":"Thomas","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1080\/13557850701235093","article-title":"\u2018If I had my residency I wouldn\u2019t worry\u2019: Negotiating migration and HIV in Sydney, Australia","volume":"12","author":"Korner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ethn. Health"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindkvist, P., Johansson, E., and Hylander, I. (2015). Fogging the issue of HIV - Barriers for HIV testing in a migrated population from Ethiopia and Eritrea. BMC Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-014-1333-6"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/s12119-009-9055-0","article-title":"\u201cIt is good to know now...before it\u2018s too late\u201c: Promoting sexual health literacy amongst resettled young people with refugee backgrounds","volume":"13","author":"McMichael","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sex. Cult. Interdiscip. Q."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.2009.21.6.582","article-title":"\u201cIt\u2019s better not to know\u201c: Perceived barriers to HIV voluntary counseling and testing among sub-Saharan African migrants in Belgium","volume":"21","author":"Manirankunda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aids Educ. Prev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-014-9986-x","article-title":"Increasing HIV testing among African immigrants in ireland: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"17","author":"Adedimeji","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immigr. Minor. Health"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s12119-012-9133-6","article-title":"Purity, privacy and procreation: Constructions and experiences of sexual and reproductive health in Assyrian and Karen women living in Australia","volume":"16","author":"Ussher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sex. Cult. Interdiscip. Q."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-015-1095-x","article-title":"Barriers and Facilitators to HIV Testing in Migrants in High-Income Countries: A Systematic Review","volume":"19","author":"Blondell","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"McGregor, S., Mlambo, E., Gunaratnam, P., Wilson, D., and Guy, R. (2017). HIV knowledge, Risk Behaviour and Testing: A community Survey in People from Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD) Backgrounds in NSW, Australia, The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"National HIV Testing Policy Expert Reference Committee (2011). National HIV Testing Policy, 2011, Department of Health and Ageing."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2010.009552","article-title":"Australian men who have sex with men prefer rapid oral HIV testing over conventional blood testing for HIV","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Std. AIDS"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conway, D.P., Guy, R., Davies, S.C., Couldwell, D.L., McNulty, A., Smith, D.E., Keen, P., Cunningham, P., and Holt, M. (2015). Rapid HIV testing is highly acceptable and preferred among high-risk gay and bisexual men after implementation in Sydney sexual health clinics. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123814"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.5694\/mja14.01292","article-title":"The rise of targeted HIV oral rapid testing in Australia","volume":"202","author":"Chan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Australian Federation of AIDS Organisations (2019, February 14). Getting tested for HIV. Available online: https:\/\/www.afao.org.au\/about-hiv\/getting-tested-for-hiv\/."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-012-0395-7","article-title":"Gay and Bisexual Men\u2019s Views on Rapid Self-Testing for HIV","volume":"17","author":"Bilardi","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e241","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(17)30023-1","article-title":"Effect of availability of HIV self-testing on HIV testing frequency in gay and bisexual men at high risk of infection (FORTH): A waiting-list randomised controlled trial","volume":"4","author":"Jamil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-6405.12653","article-title":"HIV testing within the African community using home-based self collection of oral samples","volume":"44","author":"Driver","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Collaboration for Evidence Research and Impact in Public Health (2018). \u201cI Want to Test but I\u2019m Afraid\u201d: Barriers to HIV Testing among People Born in South East Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa: Final Report, Curtin University."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzm042","article-title":"Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): A 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups","volume":"19","author":"Tong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Qual. Healthc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2006.01760.x","article-title":"Literature review: Considerations in undertaking focus group research with culturally and linguistically diverse groups","volume":"16","author":"Halcomb","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liamputtong, P. (2008). Doing Research in a Cross-Cultural Context: Methodological and Ethical Challenges. Doing Cross-Cultural Research: Ethical and Methodological Perspectives, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-8567-3"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1177\/10432302012006008","article-title":"Research in Black and White","volume":"12","author":"Adamson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Qual. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/14780880802513194","article-title":"Developing an Interpretative Phenomenological Approach to Focus Group Data","volume":"7","author":"Palmer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Qual. Res. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, J.A., and Osborn, M. (2004). Interpretative phenomenological analysis. Doing Soc. Psychol. Res., 229\u2013254.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470776278.ch10"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Husserl, E. (1990). Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy: Second Book Studies in the Phenomenology of Constitution, Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1108\/20441281211236580","article-title":"The cultural context of care-giving: Qualitative accounts from South Asian parents who care for a child with intellectual disabilities in the UK","volume":"6","author":"Kuljit","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Ment. Health Intellect. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walls, J.K., and Hall, S.S. (2017). A focus group study of African American students\u2019 experiences with classroom discussions about race at a predominantly White university. Teach. High. Educ., 1\u201316.","DOI":"10.1080\/13562517.2017.1359158"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003680","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003680","article-title":"Determinants of concurrent sexual partnerships within stable relationships: A qualitative study in Tanzania","volume":"4","author":"Cox","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732306296506","article-title":"Using focus groups with minority ethnic communities: Researching infertility in British South Asian communities","volume":"17","author":"Culley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Qual. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s10389-010-0326-x","article-title":"Immigrant women\u2019s perceptions and experiences of health care services: Insights from a focus group study","volume":"18","author":"Dias","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liamputtong, P. (2008). On the Use of Focus Groups in Cross-Cultural Research. Doing Cross-Cultural Research: Ethical and Methodological Perspectives, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-8567-3"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"National Health and Medical Research Council (2019, March 20). National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research (2007), Available online: https:\/\/www.nhmrc.gov.au\/guidelines-publications\/e72."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","article-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology","volume":"3","author":"Braun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qual. Res. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/14768320500230185","article-title":"A critical evaluation of the use of interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) in health psychology","volume":"21","author":"Brocki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol. Health"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"QSR International Pty Ltd (2016). Vivo Qualitative Data Analysis Software. Version 11, QSR International Pty Ltd."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1177\/160940690200100202","article-title":"Verification Strategies for Establishing Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research","volume":"1","author":"Morse","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Qual. Methods"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1136\/eb-2015-102054","article-title":"Issues of validity and reliability in qualitative research","volume":"18","author":"Noble","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evid. Based Nurs."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-014-9889-8","article-title":"Barriers to Accessing HIV Services for Black African Communities in Cambridgeshire, the United Kingdom","volume":"40","author":"Shangase","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-014-0136-2","article-title":"HIV Stigma, Testing Attitudes and Health Care Access Among African-Born Men Living in the United States","volume":"18","author":"Bova","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immigr. Minority Health"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckp231","article-title":"Barriers to HIV testing in Europe: A systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Deblonde","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"1039","article-title":"HIV testing and counselling for migrant populations living in high-income countries: A systematic review","volume":"26","author":"Monge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1071\/SH15235","article-title":"Culturally and linguistically diverse women\u2019s views and experiences of accessing sexual and reproductive health care in Australia: A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Mengesha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sex. Health"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aung, E., Blondell, S.J., and Durham, J. (2017). Interventions for Increasing HIV Testing Uptake in Migrants: A Systematic Review of Evidence. AIDS Behav.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-017-1833-3"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18734","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.16.3.18734","article-title":"A systematic review of interventions to reduce HIV-related stigma and discrimination from 2002 to 2013: How far have we come?","volume":"16","author":"Stangl","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Int. Aids Soc."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dean, J., Mitchell, M., Stewart, D., and Debattista, J. (2017). Sexual health knowledge and behaviour of young Sudanese Queenslanders: a cross-sectional study. Sex. Health.","DOI":"10.1071\/SH16171"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1080\/07399332.2013.857322","article-title":"A cross-generational study of contraception and reproductive health among Sudanese and Eritrean women in Brisbane, Australia","volume":"35","author":"Rogers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Healthc. Women Int."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-018-0772-6","article-title":"Exploring HIV risks, testing and prevention among sub-Saharan African community members in Australia","volume":"17","author":"Mullens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Equity Health"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2011.12.037","article-title":"More than culture: Structural racism, intersectionality theory, and immigrant health","volume":"75","author":"Miranda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9566.2008.01082.x","article-title":"Making monsters: Heterosexuality, crime and race in recent Western media coverage of HIV","volume":"30","author":"Persson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sociol. Health Illn."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Byrne, E. (ABC News, 2016). Godfrey Zaburoni, who infected partner with HIV, has conviction quashed by High Court, ABC News."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1177\/1043659607309142","article-title":"Challenges and approaches to newcomer health research","volume":"19","author":"Ogilvie","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Transcult. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laverack, G. (2018). \u2018Leaving No One Behind\u2019: The Challenge of Reaching Migrant Populations. Challenges, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/challe9020037"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1080\/09595239700186461","article-title":"Australia\u2019s public health response to HIV and HCV: A role for \u2018affected\u2019 communities","volume":"16","author":"Hulse","year":"1997","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Australian Federation of AIDS Organisations (2014). HIV and Stigma in Australia: A Guide for Religious Leaders, AFAO."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Navarro, M., Navaza, B., Guionnet, A., and L\u00f3pez-V\u00e9lez, R. (2018). Overcoming Barriers to HIV Prevention and Healthcare Among Sub-Saharan African Migrants in Spain. JMIR Public Health Surveill., 4.","DOI":"10.2196\/preprints.10478"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1071\/SH12157","article-title":"Engaging nonHIV specialist general practitioners with new priorities in HIV prevention and treatment: Qualitative insights from those working in the field","volume":"10","author":"Newman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sex. Health"},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Australasian Society for HIV, Viral Hepatitis and Sexual Health (2018, June 19). HIV Training. Available online: https:\/\/www.ashm.org.au\/HIV\/training\/."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mutch, A.J., Lui, C.W., Dean, J., Mao, L., Lemoire, J., Debattista, J., Howard, C., Whittaker, A., and Fitzgerald, L. (2017). Increasing HIV testing among hard-to-reach groups: Examination of RAPID, a community-based testing service in Queensland, Australia. BMC Health Serv. Res., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2249-5"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1177\/0891241604266988","article-title":"The Social Contexts of Focus Groups","volume":"33","author":"Hollander","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Ethnogr."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gabriel, P., Kaczorowski, J., and Berry, N. (2017). Recruitment of Refugees for Health Research: A qualitative study to add refugees\u2019 perspectives. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14020125"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12192","DOI":"10.1111\/nin.12192","article-title":"Planning focus group interviews with asylum seekers: Factors related to the researcher, interpreter and asylum seekers","volume":"24","author":"Hupli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nurs. Inq."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/16\/6\/1034\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:39:47Z","timestamp":1760186387000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/16\/6\/1034"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,21]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph16061034"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16061034","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,21]]}}}