{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:05:38Z","timestamp":1785542738622,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,23]],"date-time":"2019-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2006131039 and 2007252HT8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2006131039 and 2007252HT8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RF-SAR-2006-387926"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF-SAR-2006-387926"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To determine the acute effects on respiratory function of children exposed to sulphur dioxide (SO2), we conducted two population-based longitudinal investigations near a major oil refinery. We enrolled 233 children, age 8\u201314, in Sarroch (Italy). The first study entailed five monthly spirometric visits (Panel 5). In a subgroup, children positive for history of respiratory symptoms were tested weekly (20 times) with spirometry and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) measurement (Panel 20). Baseline questionnaires and daily diaries were recorded. SO2, NO2, PM10 and O3 were measured by monitoring stations. Multiple regression models were fitted. Using a multipollutant model, we found that a 10 \u00b5g\/m3 SO2 increase at lag0\u20132 days determined a percent variation (PV) of \u22123.37 (90% confidence interval, CI: \u22125.39; \u22121.30) for forced expiratory volume after one second (FEV1) in Panel 5 and a PV = \u22123.51 (90% CI: \u22124.77; \u22122.23) in Panel 20. We found a strong dose-response relation: 1-h SO2 peaks &gt;200 \u00b5g\/m3 at lag2 days = FEV1 PV \u22122.49. For FeNO, we found a PV = 38.12 (90% CI: 12.88; 69.01) for each 10 \u00b5g\/m3 SO2 increase at 8-h time lag and a strong dose-response relation. Exposure to SO2 is strongly associated with reduction of lung function and an increase in airway inflammation. This new evidence of harmful effects of SO2 peaks should induce regulatory intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16061057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,25]],"date-time":"2019-03-25T06:56:52Z","timestamp":1553497012000},"page":"1057","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["A Panel Study on Lung Function and Bronchial Inflammation among Children Exposed to Ambient SO2 from an Oil Refinery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1337-5111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Barbone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, via dell\u2019Istria 65\/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dolores","family":"Catelan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Computer Science, Applications \u201cG. Parenti\u201d University of Florence, Viale Morgagni, 59, 50134 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Pistelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Respiratory Medicine, Sacro Cuore University, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Accetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Computer Science, Applications \u201cG. Parenti\u201d University of Florence, Viale Morgagni, 59, 50134 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Grechi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiologia e Prevenzione, no profit social enterprise, via Ricciarelli 29, 20148 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franca","family":"Rusconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Epidemiology, \u201cAnna Meyer\u201d Children\u2019s University Hospital, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annibale","family":"Biggeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Computer Science, Applications \u201cG. Parenti\u201d University of Florence, Viale Morgagni, 59, 50134 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"U.S. EPA (2018, June 11). Integrated Science Assessment (ISA) for Sulfur Oxides\u2014Health Criteria (Final Report). EPA\/600\/R-08\/047F, Available online: http:\/\/cfpub.epa.gov\/ncea\/cfm\/recordisplay.cfm?deid=198843."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"U.S. EPA (2018, June 11). Integrated Review Plan for the Primary National Ambient Air Quality Standard for Sulfur Dioxide. External Review Draft. EPA-452\/P-14-005, Available online: http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/ttn\/naaqs\/standards\/so2\/data\/20140318so2reviewplan.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"WHO (2018, June 11). Review of Evidence on Health Aspects of Air Pollution\u2014REVIHAAP Project. First Results. WHO Regional Office for Europe. 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