{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T19:00:29Z","timestamp":1790017229132,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":143,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,27]],"date-time":"2019-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003359","name":"Generalitat Valenciana","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ACIF\/2016\/431"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ACIF\/2016\/431"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003359","name":"Generalitat Valenciana","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BEFPI\/2017\/058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BEFPI\/2017\/058"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004895","name":"European Social Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ACIF\/2016\/431"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ACIF\/2016\/431"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004895","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004895","name":"European Social Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BEFPI\/2017\/058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BEFPI\/2017\/058"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004895","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FPU16\/00988"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU16\/00988"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examines the correlates of authoritative (warmth and strictness), indulgent (warmth but not strictness), authoritarian (strictness but not warmth), and neglectful (neither warmth nor strictness) parenting with short- and long-term socialization outcomes in adolescents and adults, with and without poor school performance during adolescence. Short- and long-term socialization outcomes were captured by multidimensional self-esteem (academic\/professional, emotional, and family), psychological maturity (self-competence, social competence, and empathy), and emotional maladjustment (nervousness, emotional instability, and hostility). Participants (1195 female and 874 male) consisted of a community sample of adolescents (n = 602), young adults (n = 610), middle-aged adults (n = 469) and older adults (n = 388). Design was a 4 \u00d7 3 \u00d7 2 \u00d7 4 MANOVA (parenting style \u00d7 school performance \u00d7 sex \u00d7 age). Results indicated that the relationship between parenting styles and children\u2019s socialization outcomes does not vary as a function of school performance. The link between parenting styles and socialization outcomes shares a common short- and long- term pattern in adolescents and adults: Indulgent parenting was related to equal or even better socialization outcomes than authoritative parenting, whereas authoritarian and neglectful styles were associated with the worst socialization outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16071089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,29]],"date-time":"2019-03-29T03:38:52Z","timestamp":1553830732000},"page":"1089","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["Raising Children with Poor School Performance: Parenting Styles and Short- and Long-Term Consequences for Adolescent and Adult Development"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8146-7590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar F.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez, 21., 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2604-2853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilia","family":"Serra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez, 21., 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization, UNICEF, EDC, UNESCO, World Bank, PCD, and EI (2003). Creating an Environment for Emotional and Social Well-Being: An Important Responsibility of a Health Promoting and Child-Friendly School, WHO."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1111\/bjep.12159","article-title":"Individual, Social, and Family Factors Associated with High School Dropout among Low-SES Youth: Differential Effects as a Function of Immigrant Status","volume":"87","author":"Archambault","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.92.3.568","article-title":"Predictors of Early High School Dropout: A Test of Five Theories","volume":"92","author":"Newcomb","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2011-200047","article-title":"School Dropout: A Major Public Health Challenge: A 10-Year Prospective Study on Medical and Non-Medical Social Insurance Benefits in Young Adulthood, the Young-HUNT 1 Study (Norway)","volume":"66","author":"Pape","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Freudenberg, N., and Ruglis, J. (2007, October 07). Reframing School Dropout as a Public Health Issue, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/pcd\/issues\/2007\/oct\/07_0063.htm."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.87.1.51","article-title":"The Effect of School Dropout Rates on Estimates of Adolescent Substance Use among Three Racial\/Ethnic Groups","volume":"87","author":"Swaim","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2014). Health for the World\u2019s Adolescents: A Second Chance in the Second Decade: Summary, WHO."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.48.2.90","article-title":"Development during Adolescence\u2014The Impact of Stage-Environment Fit on Young Adolescents Experiences in Schools and in Families","volume":"48","author":"Eccles","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Simmons, R.G., and Blyth, D.A. (1987). Moving into Adolescence: The Impact of Pubertal Change and School Contex, Aldine de Gruyter."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1387\/RevPsicodidact.12671","article-title":"When Adolescents with High Self-Concept Lose their Engagement in School","volume":"20","author":"Veiga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Psicodidact."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.2307\/1129640","article-title":"The Perceived Competence Scale for Children","volume":"53","author":"Harter","year":"1982","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000570","article-title":"Finding what Fits: Breadth of Participation at the Transition to High School Mitigates Declines in Self-Concept","volume":"54","author":"Modecki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3102\/00028312013001015","article-title":"Concept and Measurement of Quality of School Life","volume":"13","author":"Epstein","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am. Educ. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/11356405.2015.1006847","article-title":"School Adjustment among Spanish Adolescents: Influence of Parental Socialization","volume":"27","author":"Fuentes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cult. Educ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.20882\/adicciones.148","article-title":"Autoconcepto y Consumo De Sustancias En La Adolescencia [Self-Concept and Drug Use in Adolescence]","volume":"23","author":"Fuentes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adicciones"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033546","article-title":"What Makes a Good Student? How Emotions, Self-Regulated Learning, and Motivation Contribute to Academic Achievement","volume":"106","author":"Mega","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Wentzel, K.R. (1992). Motivation and achievement in adolescence: A multiple goals perspective. Anonymous, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2016.11.031","article-title":"Correlates of Educational Success: Predictors of School Dropout and Graduation for Urban Students in the Deep South","volume":"73","author":"Robison","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child. Youth Serv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.1978.tb01038.x","article-title":"Reciprocal Rights and Responsibilities in Parent-Child Relations","volume":"34","author":"Baumrind","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Soc. Issues"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.113.3.487","article-title":"Parenting Style as Context: An Integrative Model","volume":"113","author":"Darling","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"101","article-title":"Is always Authoritative the Optimum Parenting Style? Evidence from Spanish Families","volume":"44","author":"Gracia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adolescence"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia, O.F., Lopez-Fernandez, O., and Serra, E. (2018). Raising Spanish Children with an Antisocial Tendency: Do We Know What the Optimal Parenting Style Is?. J. Interpers. Violence.","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260518818426"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.22.6.723","article-title":"Ecology of the Family as a Context for Human-Development\u2014Research Perspectives","volume":"22","author":"Bronfenbrenner","year":"1986","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Socialization in the context of the family: Parent\u2013child interaction","volume":"Volume 4","author":"Mussen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Handbook of Child Psychology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1006\/jado.2000.0308","article-title":"Parenting Styles and Adolescents\u2019 Achievement Strategies","volume":"23","author":"Aunola","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1086\/227462","article-title":"Parental and Peer Influences on Adolescents\u2019 Educational Plans: Some further Evidence","volume":"87","author":"Davies","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. J. Sociol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Ortiz, O., Romera, E.M., Ortega-Ruiz, R., and Del Rey, R. (2018). Parenting Practices as Risk or Preventive Factors for Adolescent Involvement in Cyberbullying: Contribution of Children and Parent Gender. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15122664"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-005-3950-1","article-title":"A Review of the Relationship among Parenting Practices, Parenting Styles, and Adolescent School Achievement","volume":"17","author":"Spera","year":"2005","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Baumrind, D. (1991). Effective parenting during the early adolescent transition. Anonymous, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2013.09.001","article-title":"Self-Concept in Adolescence: A Longitudinal Study on Reciprocal Effects of Self-Perceptions in Academic and Social Domains","volume":"36","author":"Preckel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.08.036","article-title":"Parenting in the Digital Era: Protective and Risk Parenting Styles for Traditional Bullying and Cyberbullying Victimization","volume":"90","author":"Murgui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furstenberg, F.F. (1976). Unplanned Parenthood: The Social Consequences of Teenage Childbearing, Free Press.","DOI":"10.2307\/2134201"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.705","article-title":"Which Parenting Style is More Protective Against Adolescent Substance Use? Evidence within the European Context","volume":"138","author":"Calafat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.2307\/1131416","article-title":"Over-Time Changes in Adjustment and Competence among Adolescents from Authoritative, Authoritarian, Indulgent, and Neglectful Families","volume":"65","author":"Steinberg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.22.4.433","article-title":"Latchkey Children and Susceptibility to Peer Pressure\u2014An Ecological Analysis","volume":"22","author":"Steinberg","year":"1986","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.31.6.915","article-title":"An Ecological Analysis of Peer Influence on Adolescent Grade-Point Average and Drug-use","volume":"31","author":"Mounts","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smetana, J.G. (2005). Psychological control: Style or substance?. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development: Changes in Parental Authority during Adolescence, Jossey-Bass.","DOI":"10.1002\/cd.129"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1","article-title":"English Validation of the Parental Socialization Scale\u2014ESPA29","volume":"8","author":"Cruise","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Symonds, P.M. (1939). The Psychology of Parent-Child Relationships, Appleton-Century-Crofts."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Baldwin, A.L. (1955). Behaviour and Development in Childhood, Dryden Press."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1037\/h0041114","article-title":"A Circumplex Model for Maternal Behavior","volume":"59","author":"Schaefer","year":"1959","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00381","article-title":"Extending Research on the Consequences of Parenting Style for Chinese Americans and European Americans","volume":"72","author":"Chao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.2307\/1131151","article-title":"Patterns of Competence and Adjustment among Adolescents from Authoritative, Authoritarian, Indulgent, and Neglectful Families","volume":"62","author":"Lamborn","year":"1991","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"371","article-title":"A Circumplex Model for Social-Behavior in Children","volume":"35","author":"Becker","year":"1964","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Sears, R.R., Maccoby, E.E., and Levin, H. (1957). Patterns of Child Rearing, Row, Peterson."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.2307\/1131579","article-title":"Parenting Styles and Conceptions of Parental Authority during Adolescence","volume":"66","author":"Smetana","year":"1995","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/h0030372","article-title":"Current patterns of Parental Authority","volume":"4","author":"Baumrind","year":"1971","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1177\/019251301022003002","article-title":"Long-Term Effects of Parenting Practices during Adolescence on Well-being Outcomes in Young Adulthood","volume":"22","author":"Aquilino","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Fam. Issues"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"137","article-title":"Remembered Parenting Styles and Adjustment in Middle and Late Adulthood","volume":"64","author":"Rothrauff","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. B-Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1080\/17439760.2015.1081971","article-title":"Parent-Child Relationships and Offspring\u2019s Positive Mental Wellbeing from Adolescence to Early Older Age","volume":"11","author":"Stafford","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Posit. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.2307\/353281","article-title":"Parental Behaviors and Adolescent Self-Esteem in the United States and Germany","volume":"54","author":"Barber","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Marriage Fam."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.2307\/1130932","article-title":"Authoritative Parenting, Psychosocial Maturity, and Academic-Success among Adolescents","volume":"60","author":"Steinberg","year":"1989","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2014.75.222","article-title":"Parenting Style, Religiosity, Peer Alcohol use, and Adolescent Heavy Drinking","volume":"75","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230802392790","article-title":"The Effects of Perceived Parenting Style on the Propensity for Illicit Drug use: The Importance of Parental Warmth and Control","volume":"27","author":"Montgomery","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1037\/cdp0000149","article-title":"Do the Associations of Parenting Styles with Behavior Problems and Academic Achievement Vary by Culture? Results from a Meta-Analysis","volume":"24","author":"Pinquart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cult. Divers. Ethn. Minor. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.2307\/1130618","article-title":"The Relation of Parenting Style to Adolescent School Performance","volume":"58","author":"Dornbusch","year":"1987","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.2307\/1127891","article-title":"An Exploratory Study of Socialization Effects on Black Children: Some Black-White Comparisons","volume":"43","author":"Baumrind","year":"1972","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.2307\/1131308","article-title":"Beyond Parental Control and Authoritarian Parenting Style: Understanding Chinese Parenting through the Cultural Notion of Training","volume":"65","author":"Chao","year":"1994","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.32.6.1065","article-title":"Physical Discipline among African American and European American Mothers: Links to Children\u2019s Externalizing Behaviors","volume":"32","author":"Dodge","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022106286921","article-title":"Introduction to Three Cross-Regional Research Studies on Parenting Styles, Individuation, and Mental Health in Arab Societies","volume":"37","author":"Dwairy","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cross-Cult. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Selin, H. (2014). The indulgent parenting style and developmental outcomes in South European and Latin American countries. Parenting Across Cultures., Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-7503-9"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.21512","article-title":"Perceived Neighborhood Violence, Parenting Styles, and Developmental Outcomes among Spanish Adolescents","volume":"40","author":"Gracia","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Community Psychol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lund, I., and Scheffels, J. (2018). 15-Year-Old Tobacco and Alcohol Abstainers in a Drier Generation: Characteristics and Lifestyle Factors in a Norwegian Cross-Sectional Sample. Scand. J. Public Health.","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494818770301"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1017\/S1138741600006600","article-title":"Impact of Parenting Styles on Adolescents\u2019 Self-Esteem and Internalization of Values in Spain","volume":"10","year":"2007","journal-title":"Span. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"13","article-title":"Internalization of Values and Self-Esteem among Brazilian Teenagers from Authoritative, Indulgent, Authoritarian, and Neglectful Homes","volume":"43","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adolescence"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.015","article-title":"Gradient of Association between Parenting Styles and Patterns of Drug use in Adolescence: A Latent Class Analysis","volume":"180","author":"Valente","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0917(199812)7:4<181::AID-EDP169>3.0.CO;2-Y","article-title":"Differences in Child Rearing Attitudes between Immigrant Chinese Mothers and Anglo-American Mothers","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Early Dev. Parent."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leong, F.T.L., Pickren, W.E., Leach, M.M., and Anthony, J.M. (2012). Developmental psychology. Internationalizing the Psychology Curriculum in the United States, Springer Science + Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-0073-8"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(02)00092-2","article-title":"Perceived Parenting Styles, Depersonalisation, Anxiety and Coping Behaviour in Adolescents","volume":"34","author":"Wolfradt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000150","article-title":"Racial Differences in Parenting Style Typologies and Heavy Episodic Drinking Trajectories","volume":"34","author":"Clark","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Furstenberg, F.F., Cook, T., Eccles, J., Elder, G., and Sameroff, A. (1999). Managing to Make it: Urban Families and Adolescent Success, University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022196274002","article-title":"Chinese and European American Mothers\u2019 Beliefs about the Role of Parenting in Children\u2019s School Success","volume":"27","author":"Chao","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Cross Cult. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327965pli0803_1","article-title":"Externalizing Behavior Problems and Discipline Revisited: Nonlinear Effects and Variation by Culture, Context, and Gender","volume":"8","author":"Dodge","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychol. Inq."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Torres-Villa, M.S. (1995). Parenting Styles, Language and Parents\u2019 Education as Predictors of School Achievement for Hispanic Students. [Ph.D. Thesis, Georgia State University]."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7028.25.3.200","article-title":"Early-Childhood Socialization in Hispanic Families: Context, Culture, and Practice Implications","volume":"25","author":"Zayas","year":"1994","journal-title":"Prof. Psychol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.47.6.723","article-title":"Ethnic-Differences in Adolescent Achievement: An Ecological Perspective","volume":"47","author":"Steinberg","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022106286924","article-title":"Parenting Styles, Individuation, and Mental Health of Arab Adolescents: A Third Cross-Regional Research Study","volume":"37","author":"Dwairy","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cross Cult. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022106286923","article-title":"Adolescent-Family Connectedness among Arabs: A Second Cross-Regional Research Study","volume":"37","author":"Dwairy","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cross-Cult. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moreno-Ruiz, D., Est\u00e9vez, E., Jim\u00e9nez, T.I., and Murgui, S. (2018). Parenting Style and Reactive and Proactive Adolescent Violence: Evidence from Spain. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15122634"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1387\/RevPsicodidact.6842","article-title":"Parenting and Adolescents\u2019 Self-Esteem: The Portuguese Context","volume":"18","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Psicodid\u00e1c."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-013-9721-6","article-title":"Mothering, Fathering, and Italian Adolescents\u2019 Problem Behaviors and Life Satisfaction: Dimensional and Typological Approach","volume":"23","author":"Zappulla","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Child Fam. Stud."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"143","article-title":"Parenting Styles and Learned Resourcefulness of Turkish Adolescents","volume":"43","author":"Turkel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adolescence"},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"119","article-title":"Parental Styles and Psychosocial Development in High-School Students","volume":"21","author":"Villalobos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev. Mex. Psicol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.5093\/pi2018a21","article-title":"Parenting Styles and Short- and Long-Term Socialization Outcomes: A Study among Spanish Adolescents and Older Adults","volume":"27","author":"Garcia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychosoc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.6018\/analesps.34.3.315201","article-title":"Psychosocial maladjustment in adolescence: Parental socialization, self-esteem, and substance use","volume":"34","author":"Riquelme","year":"2018","journal-title":"An. Psicol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1174\/021037010792215118","article-title":"\u00bfQu\u00e9 Estilo De Socializaci\u00f3n Parental Es El Id\u00f3neo En Espa\u00f1a? Un Estudio Con Ni\u00f1os y Adolescentes De 10 a 14 A\u00f1os","volume":"33","author":"Gracia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infancia Aprendizaje"},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"235","article-title":"The Parenting Style as Protective or Risk Factor for Substance use and Other Behavior Problems among Spanish Adolescents","volume":"25","author":"Fuentes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adicciones"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Del Milagro Aymerich, M., Musitu, G., and Palmero, F. (2018). Family Socialisation Styles and Hostility in the Adolescent Population. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10092962"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.12.031","article-title":"Parenting Styles, Cyberaggression, and Cybervictimization among Adolescents","volume":"93","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez, I., and Garc\u00eda, J.F. (2008, January 16). La Socializaci\u00f3n Familiar De Los Adolescentes Espa\u00f1oles: An\u00e1lisis de Sus Repercusiones en la Autoestima y en el Sistema de Valores de los Hijos [Spanish Family Socialization: Analyzing Parenting Influences on Adolescents\u2019 Self-Esteem and Value System]. Available online: https:\/\/www.valencia.edu\/garpe\/C_\/A_\/C_A_0033.pdf."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.100.3.731-745","article-title":"Parenting Styles and Adolescents\u2019 Self-Esteem in Brazil","volume":"100","author":"Yubero","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"163","article-title":"Child-to-Parent Violence and Parenting Styles: Its Relations to Problematic use of Social Networking Sites, Alexithymia, and Attitude Towards Institutional Authority in Adolescence","volume":"27","author":"Musitu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychosoc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.6018\/analesps.31.3.183491","article-title":"Use of Alcohol, Tobacco, Cannabis and Other Drugs in Adolescence: Effects of Family and Neighborhood","volume":"31","author":"Fuentes","year":"2015","journal-title":"An. Psicol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327965pli0904_1","article-title":"Parental Socialization of Emotion","volume":"9","author":"Eisenberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol. Inq."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(02)00331-8","article-title":"Item-Wording and the Dimensionality of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale: Do they Matter?","volume":"35","author":"Greenberger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.30.1.4","article-title":"Impact of Parental Discipline Methods on the Childs Internalization of Values: A Reconceptualization of Current Points-of-View","volume":"30","author":"Grusec","year":"1994","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2250","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02250","article-title":"Validation of the Five-Factor Self-Concept Questionnaire AF5 in Brazil: Testing Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance Across Language (Brazilian and Spanish), Gender, and Age","volume":"9","author":"Garcia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543046003407","article-title":"Self-Concept\u2014Validation of Construct Interpretations","volume":"46","author":"Shavelson","year":"1976","journal-title":"Rev. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01537437","article-title":"The Measurement and Structure of Psychosocial Maturity","volume":"4","author":"Greenberger","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"Erikson, E.H. (1968). Identity: Youth and Crisis, Norton & Co."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021717","article-title":"Age Differences in Personality Traits from 10 to 65: Big Five Domains and Facets in a Large Cross-Sectional Sample","volume":"100","author":"Soto","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/sjop.12205","article-title":"Becoming an Adult: A Proposed Typology of Adult Status Based on a Study of Spanish Youths","volume":"56","author":"Zacares","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scand. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.9.2.315","article-title":"Close Emotional Relationships in Late-Life\u2014Further Support for Proactive Aging in the Social Domain","volume":"9","author":"Lang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.28.6.1006","article-title":"The Role of Parents in the Socialization of Children\u2014An Historical Overview","volume":"28","author":"Maccoby","year":"1992","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.61.2.226","article-title":"Attachment Styles among Young-Adults\u2014A Test of a 4-Category Model","volume":"61","author":"Barthomew","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elder, G.H., and Shanahan, M.J. (2007). The Life Course and Human Development. Handbook of Child Psychology, Willey.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470147658.chpsy0112"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stafford, M., Gale, C.R., Mishra, G., Richards, M., Black, S., and Kuh, D.L. (2015). Childhood Environment and Mental Wellbeing at Age 60\u201364 Years: Prospective Evidence from the MRC National Survey of Health and Development. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126683"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.2307\/1131532","article-title":"Impact of Parenting Practices on Adolescent Achievement: Authoritative Parenting, School Involvement, and Encouragement to Succeed","volume":"63","author":"Steinberg","year":"1992","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00473","article-title":"Social Support and Parenting in Poor, Dangerous Neighborhoods","volume":"73","author":"Ceballo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-7795.2006.00119.x","article-title":"Patterns of Competence and Adjustment among Adolescents from Authoritative, Authoritarian, Indulgent, and Neglectful Homes: A Replication in a Sample of Serious Juvenile Offenders","volume":"16","author":"Steinberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Res. Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03203630","article-title":"GPOWER: A General Power Analysis Program","volume":"28","author":"Erdfelder","year":"1996","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods Instrum. Comput."},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"933","article-title":"Design and Power Analysis: N and Confidence Intervals of Means","volume":"20","author":"Garcia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1002\/casp.2450050204","article-title":"Macrosocial Determinants of Social Integration: Social-Class and Area Effect","volume":"5","author":"Gracia","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Commun. Appl. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s10804-009-9068-9","article-title":"Parenting Styles and Emotion Regulation: The Role of Behavioral and Psychological Control during Young Adulthood","volume":"16","author":"Manzeske","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Adult Dev."},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"915","article-title":"The Relationship between Parenting Styles and Young-Adults Self-Concepts and Evaluations of Parents","volume":"27","author":"Parish","year":"1992","journal-title":"Adolescence"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1017\/S1138741600002018","article-title":"Public Responses to Intimate Partner Violence Against Women: The Influence of Perceived Severity and Personal Responsibility","volume":"12","author":"Gracia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Span. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.5209\/rev_SJOP.2011.v14.n2.13","article-title":"A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the \u201cAutoconcepto Forma 5\u201d Questionnaire in Young Adults from Spain and Chile","volume":"14","author":"Musitu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Span. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"431","article-title":"Potencia Estad\u00edstica Del Dise\u00f1o De Solomon","volume":"11","author":"Navarro","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022115597754","article-title":"Pancultural Gender Differences in the Relation between Perceived Parental Acceptance and Psychological Adjustment of Children and Adult Offspring: A Meta-Analytic Review of Worldwide Research","volume":"46","author":"Ali","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cross-Cult. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022103255650","article-title":"Reliability and Validity of the Parental Control Scale: A Meta-Analysis of Cross-Cultural and Intracultural Studies","volume":"34","author":"Rohner","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cross-Cult. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"159","article-title":"Family Socialization Practices: Factor Confirmation of the Portuguese Version of a Scale for their Measurement","volume":"17","author":"Musitu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Psicodidac."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"19","article-title":"Authoritative Parenting and Adolescent Adjustment Across Varied Ecological Niches","volume":"1","author":"Steinberg","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Res. Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006824100041","article-title":"A Measure of Subjective Happiness: Preliminary Reliability and Construct Validation","volume":"46","author":"Lyubomirsky","year":"1999","journal-title":"Soc. Indic. Res."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.53.6.890","article-title":"Structure of Problem Behavior in Adolescence and Young Adulthood","volume":"53","author":"Donovan","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1170769","article-title":"Recursive Processes in Self-Affirmation: Intervening to Close the Minority Achievement Gap","volume":"324","author":"Cohen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2005.10.002","article-title":"The Effect of Motivational Scaffolding on Procrastinators\u2019 Distance Learning Outcomes","volume":"49","author":"Tuckman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_127","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda, F., and Musitu, G. (2009). AF5: Self-Concept Form 5, Tea. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"549","article-title":"Validation of the English Version of the Five-Factor Self-Concept Questionnaire","volume":"25","author":"Garcia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"ref_129","first-page":"871","article-title":"Psychometric Analysis of the AF5 Multidimensional Scale of Self-Concept in a Sample of Adolescents and Adults in Catalonia","volume":"23","author":"Cerrato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"551","article-title":"Autoconcepto En Adultos De Espa\u00f1a y Portugal","volume":"18","author":"Musitu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"ref_131","first-page":"263","article-title":"Self-Concept in Young Dancers and Non-Practitioners: Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the AF5 Scale","volume":"21","author":"Murgui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Psicol. Deporte"},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"7","article-title":"Development and Validation of the Personality Assessment Questionnaire: Test Manual","volume":"8","author":"Rohner","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Fam. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.8.2.221","article-title":"Generativity among Young, Midlife, and Older Adults","volume":"8","author":"Mcadams","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1080\/00797308.1967.11822595","article-title":"The Second Individuation Process of Adolescence","volume":"22","author":"Blos","year":"1967","journal-title":"Psychoanal. Study Child"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.54.5.317","article-title":"Adolescent Storm and Stress, Reconsidered","volume":"54","author":"Arnett","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.805","article-title":"Bullying in Early Adolescence and Its Association with Anti-Social Behaviour, Criminality and Violence 6 and 10 Years Later","volume":"21","author":"Renda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crim. Behav. Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_137","unstructured":"McClelland, D. (1982). Education and the acquisition of psychosocial maturity. The Development of Social Maturity, Irvington."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1006\/jvbe.1995.0003","article-title":"The Aging Worker in a Changing Environment\u2014Organizational and Individual Issues","volume":"47","author":"Sterns","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Vocat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_139","first-page":"371","article-title":"Parenting Style in Spanish Parents with Children Aged 6 to 14","volume":"24","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1177\/0272431691111004","article-title":"The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use","volume":"11","author":"Baumrind","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Early Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_141","first-page":"39","article-title":"Subjectivity Construction in School Failure Paths. Transition Pathways Provided for Labour Insertion for Adolescents at Risk","volume":"26","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psicosoc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"125","article-title":"Psychosocial Variables and Overt School Violence among Adolescents","volume":"26","author":"Musitu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychosoc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maya, J., Lorence, B., Hidalgo, V., and Jimenez, L. (2018). The Role of Psychosocial Stress on a Family-Based Treatment for Adolescents with Problematic Behaviors. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15091867"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/16\/7\/1089\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:40:50Z","timestamp":1760186450000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/16\/7\/1089"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,27]]},"references-count":143,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph16071089"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16071089","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,27]]}}}