{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T18:07:37Z","timestamp":1785780457988,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,14]],"date-time":"2019-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1555200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["71774175"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71774175"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018JJ3696"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018JJ3696"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bus crashes are common in urban China, and bus company regulations are hypothesized to be related to bus crash risk. We conducted a retrospective survey to examine the association in four large Chinese cities (Changsha, Shenzhen, Fuzhou, and Wuhan). Four types of bus crashes were considered: (a) passengers injured while riding the bus; (b) bus colliding with or scraping other motor vehicles; (c) bus colliding with non-motorized vehicles or pedestrians; and (d) bus damaging public facilities. Based on regulations governing the drivers\u2019 work, complete round trips per day, and their paid salary, three categories of companies were studied: type A: \u226514 h worked\/day, \u22656 round trips\/day, and &gt;70% of salary based on performance; type B: 8\u201313 h\/day, 4 or 5 round trips\/day, and 36\u201370% of salary; and type C: &lt;36% of salary and no other specified requirements. Of the 926 respondents, 20.7% reported one or more crashes or related risk events in the past month. Drivers from the three types of companies reported crash incidence rates of 31.9%, 8.8%, and 6.0%, respectively, in the past month. Type A crash rates were significantly higher than type C after controlling for relevant covariates (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 7.1, 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.74\u201313.47). We conclude that more stringent bus company regulations, which mandate drivers to work long hours and obtain salary based on job performance in meeting demanding metrics, are associated with elevated bus-related crash risks. Local governments in China should regulate bus companies to ensure drivers work reasonable hours and are paid based on the quality of their work (e.g., safety).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16081342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,15]],"date-time":"2019-04-15T11:15:58Z","timestamp":1555326958000},"page":"1342","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Are Bus Company Regulations Associated with Crash Risk? Findings from a Retrospective Survey in Four Chinese Cities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xiaolin","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhou Enlai School of Government, Nankai University, Tianjin 300050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huimin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of International and Public Affairs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wangxin","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peishan","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2141-8970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David C.","family":"Schwebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5002-8015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoqing","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2019, February 21). 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