{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T11:21:47Z","timestamp":1791976907069,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,16]],"date-time":"2019-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1555372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002343","name":"Institut de Recherche Robert-Sauv\u00e9 en Sant\u00e9 et en S\u00e9curit\u00e9 du Travail","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014-0058 and 2010-0050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014-0058 and 2010-0050"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002343","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Bioaerosols are a major concern for public health and sampling for exposure assessment purposes is challenging. The nasopharyngeal region could be a potent carrier of long-term bioaerosol exposure agents. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between nasopharyngeal bacterial flora of swine workers and the swine barns bioaerosol biodiversity. Methods: Air samples from eight swine barns as well as nasopharyngeal swabs from pig workers (n = 25) and from a non-exposed control group (n = 29) were sequenced using 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing. Wastewater treatment plants were used as the industrial, low-dust, non-agricultural environment control to validate the microbial link between the bioaerosol content (air) and the nasopharynxes of workers. Results: A multivariate analysis showed air samples and nasopharyngeal flora of pig workers cluster together, compared to the non-exposed control group. The significance was confirmed with the PERMANOVA statistical test (p-value of 0.0001). Unlike the farm environment, nasopharynx samples from wastewater workers did not cluster with air samples from wastewater treatment plants. The difference in the microbial community of nasopharynx of swine workers and a control group suggest that swine workers are carriers of germs found in bioaerosols. Conclusion: Nasopharynx sampling and microbiota could be used as a proxy of air sampling for exposure assessment studies or for the determination of exposure markers in highly contaminated agricultural environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16081375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,17]],"date-time":"2019-04-17T03:02:01Z","timestamp":1555470121000},"page":"1375","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Bioaerosols Play a Major Role in the Nasopharyngeal Microbiota Content in Agricultural Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4169-5203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamza","family":"Mbareche","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche de l\u2019Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Qu\u00e9bec, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences et de G\u00e9nie, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Veillette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche de l\u2019Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Qu\u00e9bec, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Pilote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche de l\u2019Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Qu\u00e9bec, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences et de G\u00e9nie, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Val\u00e9rie","family":"L\u00e9tourneau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche de l\u2019Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Qu\u00e9bec, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9912-0349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"Duchaine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche de l\u2019Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Qu\u00e9bec, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences et de G\u00e9nie, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15598","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v64i0.15598","article-title":"Primary biological aerosol particles in the atmosphere: A review","volume":"64","author":"Huffman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tellus B"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Macher, J., Ammann, H.A., Milton, D.K., Burge, H.A., and Morey, P.R. 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