{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T05:05:19Z","timestamp":1773205519846,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,20]],"date-time":"2019-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1555718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000125","name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1E11OH009630"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1E11OH009630"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Centers for Disease Control","award":["200-2011-39413, 200-2017-93327, and 200-2017-93427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200-2011-39413, 200-2017-93327, and 200-2017-93427"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The evolution of lung function, including assessment of small airways, was assessed in individuals enrolled in the World Trade Center Environmental Health Center (WTC-EHC). We hypothesized that a bronchodilator response at initial evaluation shown by spirometry or in small airways, as measured by forced oscillation technique (FOT), would be associated with improvement in large and small airway function over time. Standardized longitudinal assessment included pre and post bronchodilator (BD) spirometry (forced vital capacity, FVC; forced expiratory volume in 1 second, FEV1) and FOT (resistance at 5 Hz, R5; resistance at 5 minus 20 Hz, R5\u201320). Longitudinal changes were assessed using linear mixed-effects modelling with adjustment for potential confounders (median follow-up 2.86 years; 95% measurements within 4.9 years). Data demonstrated: (1) parallel improvement in airflow and volume measured by spirometry and small airway function (R5 and R5\u201320) measured by FOT; (2) the magnitude of longitudinal improvement was tightly linked to the initial BD response; and (3) longitudinal values for small airway function on FOT were similar to residual abnormality observed post BD at initial visit. These findings suggest presence of reversible and irreversible components of small airway injury that are identifiable at initial presentation. These results have implications for treatment of isolated small airway abnormalities that can be identified by non-invasive effort independent FOT particularly in symptomatic individuals with normal spirometry indices. This study underscores the need to study small airway function to understand physiologic changes over time following environmental and occupational lung injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16081421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,22]],"date-time":"2019-04-22T11:02:53Z","timestamp":1555930973000},"page":"1421","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Bronchodilator Response Predicts Longitudinal Improvement in Small Airway Function in World Trade Center Dust Exposed Community Members"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Deepak","family":"Pradhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joan","family":"Reibman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3319-4932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta M.","family":"Goldring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"},{"name":"Andr\u00e9 Cournand Pulmonary Physiology Laboratory, Bellevue Hospital, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongzhao","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengling","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth I.","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"},{"name":"Andr\u00e9 Cournand Pulmonary Physiology Laboratory, Bellevue Hospital, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7375","article-title":"The World Trade Center residents\u2019 respiratory health study: New-onset respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function","volume":"113","author":"Reibman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. 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