{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:19:30Z","timestamp":1787239170495,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,25]],"date-time":"2019-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this research was to compare menstrual cycles, menstrual disorders, and the prevalence of premenstrual syndrome (PMS)and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) in professional female gymnasts and their peers who donot practice any sport, and to identify factors causing a predisposition to premenstrual tension syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorders in both groups. The prospective study involved apopulation of 85 girls. The study group consisted of 45 professional female gymnasts (15\u201317 years of age) who lived inthe territory of Silesia, in the southern area of Poland. The control group consisted of 40 girls of the same age who lived in the same area but did not professionally practice any sport. The research tools included a questionnaire, a daily diary of PMS symptoms, a daily diary of PMDD symptoms, and a premenstrual symptom screening tool (PSST). The study showed that intensive physical activity undertaken by girls before their first menstruation is a menarche-delaying factor andthat competitive sport promotes premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. The risk factors for PMS and PMDD were also identified, andincluded alcohol and coffee consumption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16081470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,25]],"date-time":"2019-04-25T10:44:06Z","timestamp":1556189046000},"page":"1470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Menstrual Cycle Disorders in Professional Female Rhythmic Gymnasts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mariola","family":"Czajkowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Woman\u2019s Health, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyk\u00f3w 12, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryszard","family":"Plinta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Woman\u2019s Health, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyk\u00f3w 12, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Rutkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Woman\u2019s Health, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyk\u00f3w 12, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2321-2888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Brz\u0119k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Woman\u2019s Health, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyk\u00f3w 12, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Violetta","family":"Skrzypulec-Plinta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Woman\u2019s Health, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyk\u00f3w 12, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1249-5840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Drosdzol-Cop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Woman\u2019s Health, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyk\u00f3w 12, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2005.01.003","article-title":"The menstrual cycle and sport performance","volume":"24","author":"Constantini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"160","article-title":"Committee Opinion No. 702: Female Athlete Triad","volume":"129","author":"Loveless","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obstet. 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