{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T23:45:06Z","timestamp":1768002306968,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,4]],"date-time":"2019-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PA 96043, PA 02081 and FOA DD09-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PA 96043, PA 02081 and FOA DD09-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health","award":["200-2000-08018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200-2000-08018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Workers in various industries can be exposed to oil mists when oil-based fluids are aerosolized during work processes. Oil mists can be inhaled or deposited on the skin. Little research exists on the reproductive effects of oil mist exposure in pregnant workers. We aimed to investigate associations between occupational oil mist exposure in early pregnancy and a spectrum of birth defects using data from 22,011 case mothers and 8140 control mothers in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. In total, 150 mothers were rated as exposed. Manufacturing jobs, particularly apparel manufacturing, comprised the largest groups of exposed mothers. Mothers of infants with septal heart defects (odds ratio (OR): 1.8, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.0\u20133.3), and especially perimembranous ventricular septal defects (OR: 2.5, CI: 1.2\u20135.2), were more likely to be occupationally exposed to oil mists in early pregnancy than control mothers; and their rater-estimated cumulative exposure was more likely to be higher. This was the first U.S. study evaluating associations between oil mist exposure and a broad spectrum of birth defects. Our results are consistent with previous European studies, supporting a potential association between oil-based exposures and congenital heart defects. Further research is needed to evaluate the reproductive effects of occupational oil mist exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16091560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,9]],"date-time":"2019-05-09T08:19:59Z","timestamp":1557389999000},"page":"1560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Maternal Occupational Oil Mist Exposure and Birth Defects, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997\u20132011"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Miriam","family":"Siegel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemic Intelligence Service, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology and Laboratory Services, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"},{"name":"Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carissa M.","family":"Rocheleau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2544-3110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Candice Y.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martha A.","family":"Waters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Research and Technology, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45226"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina C.","family":"Lawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tiffany","family":"Riehle-Colarusso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Congenital and Developmental Disorders, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennita","family":"Reefhuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Congenital and Developmental Disorders, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The National Birth Defects Prevention Study","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Lawson, C.C., Bloom, T.F., and Hein, M.J. (2019, February 28). NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation Report: HETA #99-0343-2882 Thomas Steel Strip Corporation, Warren, Ohio, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/hhe\/reports\/pdfs\/1999-0343-2882.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"19","article-title":"Temporal trends in the prevalence of congenital malformations at birth based on the birth defects monitoring program, United States, 1979\u20131987","volume":"39","author":"Edmonds","year":"1990","journal-title":"MMWR. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"ACGIH (2001). Oil mist, mineral, Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"17","article-title":"Occupational exposure to metalworking fluid mist and sump fluid contaminants","volume":"47","author":"Simpson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"NIOSH (2019, May 03). What You Need to Know about Occupational Exposure to Metalworking Fluids: DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 98-116, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/docs\/98-116\/default.html."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"NIOSH (2019, May 03). Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Metalworking Fluids: DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 98-102, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/docs\/98-102\/default.html."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"CONCAWE (1986). Health Aspects of Worker Exposure to Oil Mists, CONCAWE."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2007.00793.x","article-title":"Paternal occupation and neural tube defects: A case-control study based on the Oxford Record Linkage Study register","volume":"21","author":"Fear","year":"2007","journal-title":"Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00625952","article-title":"Occupational risk factors for congenital heart disease","volume":"64","author":"Tikkanen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420470608","article-title":"Risk factors for coarctation of the aorta","volume":"47","author":"Tikkanen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Teratology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.523","article-title":"Maternal occupational risk factors for oral clefts. Occupational Exposure and Congenital Malformation Working Group","volume":"26","author":"Lorente","year":"2000","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1093\/phr\/116.S1.32","article-title":"The National Birth Defects Prevention Study","volume":"116","author":"Yoon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23384","article-title":"The National Birth Defects Prevention Study: A review of the methods","volume":"103","author":"Reefhuis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. A. Clin. Mol. Teratol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.10012","article-title":"Guidelines for case classification for the National Birth Defects Prevention Study","volume":"67","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. A Clin. Mol. Teratol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.4282","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis of nonsyndromic congenital heart defects","volume":"34","author":"Ailes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20403","article-title":"Seeking causes: Classifying and evaluating congenital heart defects in etiologic studies","volume":"79","author":"Botto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. A. Clin. Mol. Teratol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2011.627293","article-title":"Inter-rater reliability of assessed prenatal maternal occupational exposures to solvents, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and heavy metals","volume":"8","author":"Rocheleau","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2009.048256","article-title":"Maternal occupation and the risk of birth defects: An overview from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study","volume":"67","author":"Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmr022","article-title":"Maternal smoking in pregnancy and birth defects: A systematic review based on 173,687 malformed cases and 11.7 million controls","volume":"17","author":"Hackshaw","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2018.1484127","article-title":"Parental occupational pesticide exposure and nonsyndromic orofacial clefts","volume":"15","author":"Suhl","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23551","article-title":"Paternal and joint parental occupational pesticide exposure and spina bifida in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997 to 2002","volume":"106","author":"Pettigrew","year":"2016","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. A Clin. Mol. Teratol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117523","article-title":"Validity of mother\u2019s report of father\u2019s occupation in a study of paternal occupation and congenital malformations","volume":"141","author":"Schnitzer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2014.05.076","article-title":"Management of an associated ventricular septal defect at the time of coarctation repair","volume":"98","author":"Plunkett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Bureau of Labor Statistics (2019, May 03). Employed persons by detailed industry, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, Available online: https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/cps\/cpsaat18.htm."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2007.04.008","article-title":"Parent\u2019s occupation and isolated orofacial clefts in Norway: A population-based case-control study","volume":"17","author":"Nguyen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Bureau of Labor Statistics (2019, May 03). Employed Persons by Detailed Occupation, Sex, Race, and Hispanic or Latino Ethnicity, Available online: https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/cps\/cpsaat11.htm."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.54.4.223","article-title":"Congenital malformations and maternal occupation: A registry based case-control study","volume":"54","author":"Bianchi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.55.4.284","article-title":"Maternal occupation in the leather industry and selected congenital malformations","volume":"55","author":"Garcia","year":"1998","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.60.8.543","article-title":"Risk of hypospadias in relation to maternal occupational exposure to potential endocrine disrupting chemicals","volume":"60","author":"Vrijheid","year":"2003","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Seitz, T., and Barron, S. (2019, February 28). NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation Report: HETA #87-349-2022 Rockcastle Manufacturing, Mount Vernon, Kentucky, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/nioshtic-2\/00194425.html."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22328","article-title":"Developing estimates of frequency and intensity of exposure to three types of metalworking fluids in a population-based case-control study of bladder cancer","volume":"57","author":"Friesen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"NIOSH (2019, May 03). Oil mist (mineral), Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/npg\/npgd0472.html."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biresaw, G., and Mittal, K.L. (2014). Use of surfactants in metal cutting fluids formation. Surfactants in Tribology, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b17691"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (2014). Trichloroethylene, Tetrachloroethylene, and Some Other Chlorinated Agents. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, International Agency for Research on Cancer."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"465","article-title":"A job-exposure matrix for potential endocrine-disrupting chemicals developed for a study into the association between maternal occupational exposure and hypospadias","volume":"46","author":"Nieuwenhuijsen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP208","article-title":"Occupational exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and birth weight and length of gestation: A European meta-analysis","volume":"124","author":"Birks","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23045","article-title":"Maternal occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and risk of neural tube defect-affected pregnancies","volume":"94","author":"Langlois","year":"2012","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. A Clin. Mol. Teratol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2009.19","article-title":"Biomarkers of exposure to combustion by-products in a human population in Shanxi, China","volume":"20","author":"Naufal","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Expo Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12770","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1105209108","article-title":"Association of selected persistent organic pollutants in the placenta with the risk of neural tube defects","volume":"108","author":"Ren","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104305","article-title":"Maternal occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: effects on gastroschisis among offspring in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study","volume":"120","author":"Lupo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1218(95)90094-2","article-title":"DNA damage in mononuclear blood cells of metal workers exposed to N-nitrosodiethanolamine in synthetic cutting fluids","volume":"342","author":"Fuchs","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.3193","article-title":"Risk of cervical cancer among female autoworkers exposed to metalworking fluids","volume":"38","author":"Betenia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-012-9976-z","article-title":"Metalworking fluid exposure and cancer risk in a retrospective cohort of female autoworkers","volume":"23","author":"Friesen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia, E., Bradshaw, P.T., and Eisen, E.A. (2017). Breast cancer incidence and metalworking fluid exposure in a cohort of female autoworkers. Am. J. Epidemiol.","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2017-104636.110"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/16\/9\/1560\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:49:04Z","timestamp":1760186944000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/16\/9\/1560"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,4]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph16091560"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16091560","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,4]]}}}