{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T04:57:12Z","timestamp":1783745832954,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,7]],"date-time":"2019-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["H2020-SC6-REVINEQUAL-2016\/ GA726997"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020-SC6-REVINEQUAL-2016\/ GA726997"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The implementation and adaptation of the Housing First (HF) model represented profound changes the structure and delivery, goals, and principles of homeless services. These features of homeless services directly influence providers, their work performance and the clients\u2019 outcomes. The present research, conducted in eight European countries, investigated how social providers working in HF or TS (Traditional Staircase) describe and conceptualize the goals and the principles of their services. Data were collected through 29 focus group discussions involving 121 providers. The results showed that HF and TS had similar and different goals for their clients in the following areas: support, social integration, satisfaction of needs, housing, and well-being. HF providers emphasized clients\u2019 autonomy and ability to determine their personal goals, with housing being considered a start on the path of recovery, while TS were more focused on individual clients\u2019 basic needs with respect to food, health and finding temporary accommodations. HF providers privileged the person-centered approach and housing as a right, while TS providers were more focused on helping everyone. Implications of the results are discussed as suggestions both for practice and for research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16091590","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,9]],"date-time":"2019-05-09T08:19:59Z","timestamp":1557389999000},"page":"1590","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Goals and Principles of Providers Working with People Experiencing Homelessness: A Comparison Between Housing First and Traditional Staircase Services in Eight European Countries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2263-1359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Gaboardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michela","family":"Lenzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Disperati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Santinello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessio","family":"Vieno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aur\u00e9lie","family":"Tinland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Innovation, Support Unit for clinical research and economic evaluation, Assistance Publique\u2013H\u00f4pitaux de Marseille, 13385 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4875-9118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Vargas-Moniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"APPsyCI\u2014Applied Psychology Research Center Capabilities and Inclusion, ISPA-Instituto Universit\u00e1rio, Lisboa 1149-041, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Freek","family":"Spinnewijn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FEANTSA, European Federation of National Organisations Working with the Homeless, Bruxelles 1210, Belgique"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4417-7273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Branagh","family":"O\u2019Shaughnessy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Impuls-Netherlands Center for Social Care Research, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525 EZ, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Bokszczanin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, Opole University, Opole 45-052, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Bernad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rais Fundaci\u00f3n, 28028 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulla","family":"Beijer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"STAD, Stockholm Center for Psychiatry Research and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 113 64, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8972-7518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Ornelas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"APPsyCI\u2014Applied Psychology Research Center Capabilities and Inclusion, ISPA-Instituto Universit\u00e1rio, Lisboa 1149-041, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marybeth","family":"Shinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human and Organizational Development, Peabody College, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37203, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"HOME-EU Consortium Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1080\/02673037.2017.1344200","article-title":"Passive adaptation or active engagement? The challenges of Housing First internationally and in the Italian case","volume":"33","author":"Lancione","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hous. Stud."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"13","article-title":"Housing First Europe \u2013 Results of a European social experimentation project","volume":"8","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Homelessness"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"21","article-title":"The case for Housing First in the European Union: A critical evaluation of concerns about effectiveness","volume":"7","author":"Pleace","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Homelessness"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Tsemberis, S. (2010). Housing First: The Pathways Model to End Homelessness for People with Mental Illness and Addiction, Hazelden."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1080\/02673037.2015.1080816","article-title":"A systematic review of outcomes associated with participation in housing first programs","volume":"31","author":"Dunn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hous. Stud."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371506001102","article-title":"Housing First for People with Severe Mental Illness Who are Homeless: A Review of the Research and Findings from the at Home\u2014Chez soi Demonstration Project","volume":"60","author":"Aubry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fitzpatrick-Lewis, D., Ganann, R., Krishnaratne, S., Ciliska, D., Kouyoumdjian, F., and Hwang, S.W. (2011). Effectiveness of interventions to improve the health and housing status of homeless people: A rapid systematic review. BMC Public Health, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-638"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.94.4.651","article-title":"Housing first, consumer choice, and harm reduction for homeless individuals with a dual diagnosis","volume":"94","author":"Tsemberis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s12961-018-0305-1","article-title":"Problems maintaining collaborative approaches with excluded populations in a randomised control trial: Lessons learned implementing Housing First in France","volume":"16","author":"Rhenter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Res. Policy Syst."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2016.05.004","article-title":"The role of perceived housing quality and perceived choice to recovery: An ecological perspective on a housing first program in Lisbon","volume":"47","author":"Martins","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Environ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1080\/15487768.2013.847764","article-title":"Implementations of Housing First in Europe: Challenges in maintaining model fidelity","volume":"16","author":"Greenwood","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatr. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1002\/ajcp.12215","article-title":"Microsystems of recovery in homeless services: The influence of service provider values on service users\u2019 recovery experiences","volume":"61","author":"Manning","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Community Psychol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1080\/15487768.2013.847745","article-title":"Examining provider perspectives within Housing First and traditional programs","volume":"16","author":"Henwood","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatr. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1007\/s11414-009-9201-3","article-title":"Staffing challenges and strategies for organizations serving individuals who have experienced chronic homelessness","volume":"37","author":"Olivet","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Behav. Health Serv. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.22095","article-title":"Systems change in the context of an initiative to scale up Housing First in Canada","volume":"47","author":"Nelson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Community Psychol."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Pleace, N. (2016, February 07). The Housing First Europe Guide. Available online: https:\/\/housingfirsteurope.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Padgett, D.K., Henwood, B.F., and Tsemberis, S.J. (2016). Housing First: Ending Homelessness, Transforming Systems, and Changing Lives, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199989805.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-010-0303-2","article-title":"The role of housing: A comparison of front-line provider views in housing first and traditional programs","volume":"38","author":"Henwood","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adm. Policy Ment. Health Ment. Health Serv. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"179","article-title":"Assessing the Fidelity of four Housing First Programmes in Italy","volume":"12","author":"Gaboardi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Homelessness"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"107","article-title":"What Helps and What Hinders Program Fidelity to Housing First: Pathways to Housing DC","volume":"12","author":"Rae","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Homelessness"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"55","article-title":"Fidelity Assessment of a Canadian Housing First Programme for People with Problematic Substance Use: Identifying Facilitators and Barriers to Fidelity","volume":"12","author":"Samosh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Homelessness"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-008-9165-0","article-title":"Implementation matters: A review of research on the influence of implementation on program outcomes and the factors that influence implementation","volume":"41","author":"Durlak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Community Psychol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-015-9709-z","article-title":"Implementing Housing First across sites and over time: Later fidelity and implementation evaluation of a Pan-Canadian multi-site Housing First Program for Homeless People with Mental Illness","volume":"55","author":"Macnaughton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Community Psychol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"275","article-title":"A study of programme fidelity in European and North American Housing First Programmes: Findings, Adaptations, and Future Directions","volume":"12","author":"Greenwood","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Homelessness"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.2174\/1874924001003020101","article-title":"Building the capacity of the homeless service workforce","volume":"3","author":"Mullen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Open Health Serv. Policy J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022003226967","article-title":"Outreach workers\u2019 experiences in a homeless outreach project: Issues of boundaries, ethics, and staff safety","volume":"70","author":"Fisk","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Q."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schutt, R.K., and Garrett, G.R. (1992). Responding to the Homeless: Policy and Practice, Plenum Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-1013-4"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-007-9148-6","article-title":"Empowering Community Settings: Agents of Individual Development, Community Betterment, and Positive Social Change","volume":"41","author":"Maton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Community Psychol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1","article-title":"What transformation? A qualitative study of empowering settings and community mental health organizations","volume":"5","author":"Monteiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. J. Community Psychol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","article-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology","volume":"3","author":"Braun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qual. Res. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.17645\/si.v4i4.672","article-title":"Housing First and Social Integration: A Realistic Aim?","volume":"4","author":"Quilgars","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc. Incl."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1002\/casp.723","article-title":"Housing, hospitalization, and cost outcomes for homeless individuals with psychiatric disabilities participating in continuum of care and housing first programmes","volume":"13","author":"Gulcur","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Community Appl. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"79","article-title":"The institutional circuit: Single homelessness in Ireland","volume":"12","author":"Daly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Homelessness"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"67","article-title":"The role of hostels and temporary accommodation","volume":"1","author":"Sahlin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Homelessness"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-4-50","article-title":"Fostering implementation of health services research findings into practice: A consolidated framework for advancing implementation science","volume":"4","author":"Damschroder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Implement. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.2007.00505.x","article-title":"Waltzing with a monster: Bringing research to bear on public policy","volume":"63","author":"Shinn","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Soc. Issues"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Padgett, D.K. (2011). Qualitative and Mixed Methods in Public Health, SAGE Publications.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781483384511"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3186","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200012150-00014","article-title":"Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures","volume":"25","author":"Beaton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spine"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/16\/9\/1590\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:49:37Z","timestamp":1760186977000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/16\/9\/1590"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,7]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph16091590"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16091590","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,7]]}}}