{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T21:09:35Z","timestamp":1792271375596,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,16]],"date-time":"2019-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Equine Piroplasmosis (EP) is a tick-borne disease caused by apicomplexan protozoan parasites, Babesia caballi and Theileria equi. The disease is responsible for serious economic losses to the equine industry. It principally affects donkeys, horses, mules, and zebra but DNA of the parasites has also been detected in dogs and camels raising doubt about their host specificity. The disease is endemic in tropical and temperate regions of the world where the competent tick vectors are prevalent. Infected equids remain carrier for life with T. equi infection, whilst, infection with B. caballi is cleared within a few years. This review focuses on all aspects of the disease from the historical overview, biology of the parasite, epidemiology of the disease (specifically highlighting other non-equine hosts, such as dogs and camels), vector, clinical manifestations, risk factors, immunology, genetic diversity, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16101736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,16]],"date-time":"2019-05-16T11:21:22Z","timestamp":1558005682000},"page":"1736","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":152,"title":["A Review on Equine Piroplasmosis: Epidemiology, Vector Ecology, Risk Factors, Host Immunity, Diagnosis and Control"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6738-2291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"ThankGod E.","family":"Onyiche","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, University of Maiduguri, P. M. B. 1069, Maiduguri 600230, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keisuke","family":"Suganuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ikuo","family":"Igarashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6250-5029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naoaki","family":"Yokoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuenan","family":"Xuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0700-4787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oriel","family":"Thekisoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182013000486","article-title":"Infections by Babesia caballi and Theileria equi in Jordanian equids: Epidemiology and genetic diversity","volume":"140","author":"Qablan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1935(92)90061-5","article-title":"Equine piroplasmosis: A review","volume":"148","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"9","article-title":"Equine Piroplasmosis: Current status","volume":"1","author":"Sumbria","year":"2014","journal-title":"Veterinaria"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.15.3.972","article-title":"An account on equine babesiosis","volume":"15","author":"Friedhoff","year":"1996","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech. (Int. Off. Epizoot.)"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2013.03.189","article-title":"Equine piroplasmosis","volume":"33","author":"Rothschild","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1935(96)80066-2","article-title":"Equine Babesiosis (piroplasmosis): A problem in the international movement of horses","volume":"152","author":"Knowles","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1323","article-title":"Equine piroplasmosis","volume":"141","author":"Roberts","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Ass"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"725","article-title":"Babesiosis in the newborn foal","volume":"23","author":"Erbsloh","year":"1975","journal-title":"Supplement"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360050431","article-title":"Redescription of Babesia equi Laveran, 1901 as Theileria equi","volume":"84","author":"Mehlhorn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Henning, M.W. (1949). Animal Diseases in South Africa, Central News Agency Ltd.. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"655","article-title":"The transstadial transmission of Babesia caballi by Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi","volume":"54","author":"Potgieter","year":"1987","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"385","article-title":"Contribution a l\u2019etude de Piroplasma equi","volume":"53","author":"Laveran","year":"1901","journal-title":"CR Soc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"871","article-title":"Equine piroplasmosis in South Annam, French Indo-China","volume":"10","author":"Schein","year":"1917","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Exot. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"239","article-title":"Piroplasmosis equine malaria","volume":"51","author":"Stoute","year":"1917","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Asso."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0368-1742(03)80038-3","article-title":"Equine malaria and its sequelae","volume":"16","author":"Theiler","year":"1903","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Contributions to the history of the development of piroplasma","volume":"54","author":"Koch","year":"1906","journal-title":"J. Hyg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2013.02.008","article-title":"Current status of equine piroplasmosis in the Sudan","volume":"16","author":"Salim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1935(96)80070-4","article-title":"Equine piroplasmosis an update on diagnosis, treatment and prevention","volume":"152","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Levine, N.D. (1985). Veterinary Protozoology, Iowa State University Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-010814-021110","article-title":"Vector ecology of equine piroplasmosis","volume":"60","author":"Scoles","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"129","article-title":"Detection of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi using microscopic and molecular methods in horses in suburb of Urmia, Iran","volume":"5","author":"Malekifard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Forum"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Bhoora, R. (2009). Molecular Characterization of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi, the Aetiological Agents of Equine Piroplasmosis, in South Africa. [Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pretoria]."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Florin-Christensen, M., and Schnittger, L. (2018). Equine Piroplasmids. Parasitic Protozoa of Farm Animals and Pets, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70132-5"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3525","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00251-08","article-title":"Persistently infected horses are reservoirs for intrastadial tick-borne transmission of the apicomplexan parasite Babesia equi","volume":"76","author":"Ueti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.240.5.588","article-title":"Outbreak of equine piroplasmosis in Florida","volume":"240","author":"Short","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00248","article-title":"The complexity of piroplasms life cycles","volume":"8","author":"Jalovecka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Holbrook, A.A., and Frerichs, W.M. (1968, January 6\u201311). Equine piroplasmosis. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the United States Animal Health Association, New Orleans, LA, USA."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.05.017","article-title":"Molecular evidence for transplacental transmission of Theileria equi from carrier mares to their apparently healthy foals","volume":"148","author":"Allsopp","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.07.008","article-title":"Prospective study investigating transplacental transmission of equine piroplasmosis in thoroughbred foals in Trinidad","volume":"226","author":"Sant","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Coetzer, J.A.W., and Tustin, R.C. (2004). Equine piroplasmosis. Infectious Diseases of Livestock, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2018.10.017","article-title":"Transplacental transmission of Theileria equi in mules: Should we worry?","volume":"264","author":"Riccio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12168","article-title":"Review of equine piroplasmosis","volume":"27","author":"Wise","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"699","article-title":"Equine piroplasmosis--another emerging disease","volume":"141","author":"Maurer","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S48","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-001-0573-4","article-title":"The role of cytokines in immunity and immunopathogenesis of pirolasmoses","volume":"88","author":"Ahmed","year":"2002","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.60.1127","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Babesia caballi infection in experimental horses","volume":"60","author":"Hanafusa","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(99)00110-7","article-title":"Erythrocyte associated haemato-biochemical changes in Babesia equi infection experimentally produced in donkeys","volume":"85","author":"Ambawat","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.5.1909-1913.1994","article-title":"Specific immune responses are required to control parasitemia in Babesia equi infection","volume":"62","author":"Knowles","year":"1994","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00027-4","article-title":"Vaccination of donkeys against Babesia equi using killed merozoite immunogen","volume":"106","author":"Kumar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0174-3031(83)80155-3","article-title":"Cell-mediated immune response to Babesia equi-transformed lymphoblastoid cells in vitro","volume":"254","author":"Zweygarth","year":"1983","journal-title":"Zentralblatt f\u00fcr Bakteriologie Mikrobiologie und Hygiene 1 Abt. Originale. A Medizinische Mikrobiologie Infektionskrankheiten und Parasitologie"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02236589","article-title":"Cell-mediated immune response in equine babesiosis","volume":"9","author":"Banerjee","year":"1977","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.13.2.297-300.2006","article-title":"Development of specific immunoglobulin Ga (IgGa) and IgGb antibodies correlates with control of parasitemia in Babesia equi infection","volume":"13","author":"Cunha","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"1333","article-title":"Equine piroplasmosis: Attempts to infect laboratory animals with Babesia equi","volume":"30","author":"Frerichs","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.01.011","article-title":"Seroprevalence of equine piroplasms and host-related factors associated with infection in Greece","volume":"169","author":"Kouam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laus, F., Spaterna, A., Faillace, V., Veronesi, F., Ravagnan, S., Berib\u00e9, F., and Tesei, B. (2015). Clinical investigation on Theileria equi and Babesia caballi infections in Italian donkeys. BMC Vet. Res., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0411-z"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1977.tb05459.x","article-title":"The identification of Babesia equi in Australia","volume":"53","author":"Mahoney","year":"1977","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2015.1124339","article-title":"Clinical, haematological and therapeutic studies on babesiosis in Arabian horses in the Qassim region, central of Saudi Arabia","volume":"45","author":"Osman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2008.03.005","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory findings in equine piroplasmosis","volume":"28","author":"Zobba","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1539-9","article-title":"Assessment of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi infections in equine populations in Egypt by molecular, serological and hematological approaches","volume":"9","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(96)01100-4","article-title":"Equine babesiosis associated with strenuous exercise: Clinical and pathological studies in Jordan","volume":"69","author":"Hailat","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-005-5691-z","article-title":"Theilera (Babesia) equi and Babesia caballi infections in horses in Galicia, Spain","volume":"37","author":"Camacho","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(75)90006-5","article-title":"Experimental acute Babesia caballi infections: II. Response of platelets and fibrinogen","volume":"37","author":"Allen","year":"1975","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Walker, J.B., Keirans, J.E., and Horak, I. (2005). The genus Rhipicephalus (Acari, Ixodidae). A Guide to the Brown Ticks of the World, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-39.4.667","article-title":"Dermacentor variabilis and Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae): Experimental vectors of Babesia equi to equids","volume":"39","author":"Stiller","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4322\/rbpv.01804001","article-title":"Prevalence of equine piroplasmosis and its association with tick infestation in the State of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"18","author":"Kerber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Veterin\u00e1ria"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1710.101182","article-title":"Equine piroplasmosis associated with Amblyomma cajennense ticks, Texas, USA","volume":"17","author":"Scoles","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2013.11.008","article-title":"Molecular and serological detection of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi infection in horses and ixodid ticks in Iran","volume":"5","author":"Abedi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.01.004","article-title":"Detection and phylogenetic characterization of Theileria spp., and Anaplasma marginale in Rhipicephalus bursa in Portugal","volume":"7","author":"Ferrolho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-306","article-title":"Amblyomma cajennense is an intrastadial biological vector of Theileria equi","volume":"6","author":"Scoles","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-013-3360-0","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Theileria equi in horses and their association with possible tick vectors in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"112","author":"Peckle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1603\/ME13117","article-title":"Prevalence and species of ticks on horses in Central Oklahoma","volume":"50","author":"Duell","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"99","article-title":"The transovarial transmission of Babesia caballi by Hyalomma truncatum","volume":"57","year":"1990","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"245","article-title":"Prevalence of Theileria equi and B. caballi in donkeys from eastern Turkey in winter season","volume":"30","author":"Balkaya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pak. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-014-4161-9","article-title":"Piroplasmosis in an endemic area: Analysis of the risk factors and their implications in the control of theileriosis and babesiosis in horses","volume":"114","author":"Guidi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1590\/S1984-29612011000300011","article-title":"Factors associated to Theileria equi in equids of two microregions from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"20","author":"Santos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Braz. J. Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2012.06.012","article-title":"Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with Babesia caballi and Theileria equi infection in equids","volume":"195","author":"Adaszek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182007002405","article-title":"Age-dependent dynamics of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi infections in southwest Mongolia based on IFAT and\/or PCR prevalence data from domestic horses and ticks","volume":"134","author":"Torgerson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2009.03.021","article-title":"Prevalence and diagnosis of Babesia and Theileria infections in horses in Italy: A preliminary study","volume":"184","author":"Moretti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.3.476-488.2001","article-title":"Sex-associated hormones and immunity to protozoan parasites","volume":"14","author":"Roberts","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2010.0193","article-title":"Prevalence of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi infection in horses from northern Italy","volume":"11","author":"Grandi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.17221\/7680-VETMED","article-title":"Epidemiology of Theileria equi in Persian Arab horses from Iran","volume":"59","author":"Bahrami","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(97)00228-8","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Babesia equi among horses in Israel using competitive inhibition ELISA and IFA assays","volume":"76","author":"Shkap","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182001008599","article-title":"Testosterone increases the transmission potential of tick-borne parasites","volume":"123","author":"Hughes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2001)087[0049:TDIAAR]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Testosterone depresses innate and acquired resistance to ticks in natural rodent hosts: A force for aggregated distributions of parasites","volume":"87","author":"Hughes","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(94)90154-6","article-title":"Nearly right or precisely wrong? Natural versus laboratory studies of vector-borne diseases","volume":"10","author":"Randolph","year":"1994","journal-title":"Parasitol. Today"},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Byambaa, B., Dash, M., and Tarasevic, I.W. (1994). New Research about Tick-Borne Rickettsiosis, University of Ulaanbaatar. (In Mongolian)."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2011.01244.x","article-title":"Equine babesiosis: Seroprevalence, risk factors and comparison of different diagnostic methods in Jordan","volume":"59","author":"Abutarbush","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-1108-z","article-title":"Diagnosis of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi infections in horses in Sudan using ELISA and PCR","volume":"103","author":"Salim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2011.12.014","article-title":"Prevalence of the causative agents of equine piroplasmosis in the South West of The Netherlands and the identification of two autochthonous clinical Theileria equi infections","volume":"193","author":"Butler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.01.011","article-title":"Babesia caballi and Theileria equi infections in horses in Central-Southern Italy: Sero-molecular survey and associated risk factors","volume":"7","author":"Roberto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v75i2.12","article-title":"Prevalence of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi infections in horses belonging to resource-poor farmers in the north-eastern Free State Province, South Africa","volume":"75","author":"Motloang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-015-0917-1","article-title":"Theileria equi and Babesia caballi infection of equids in Punjab, India: A serological and molecular survey","volume":"48","author":"Sumbria","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-3064.1","article-title":"Prevalence of antibodies to Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in horses from northeastern Mexico","volume":"98","author":"Wagner","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"236278","article-title":"Detection of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi in blood from equines from four indigenous communities in Costa Rica","volume":"2015","author":"Dolz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Int."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"1","article-title":"Serological and molecular prevalence of equine piroplasmosis in Western Java, Indonesia","volume":"14","author":"Nugraha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"4","article-title":"Prevalence of P7roplasmosis amongst local horses in Northeastern Nigeria","volume":"7","author":"Turaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Agric. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"3","article-title":"Survey of equine piroplasmosis in the Savanna areas, Bauchi state, North-eastern Nigeria","volume":"25","author":"Sanusi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ippologia Cremona"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2016.02.219","article-title":"Persistence of equine piroplasmosis in horses in Nigeria","volume":"39","author":"Mshelia","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"23","article-title":"Comparison between microscopic examination and competitive ELISA for diagnosis of equine piroplasmosis in Kelantan, Malaysia","volume":"7","author":"Arshad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malays. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1515\/ap-2017-0025","article-title":"Prevalence and molecular characterization of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in jereed horses in Erzurum, Turkey","volume":"62","author":"Guven","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-009-1669-5","article-title":"A comparative study of serological tests and PCR for the diagnosis of equine piroplasmosis","volume":"106","author":"Jaffer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-2997.1","article-title":"Seroprevalence study on Theileria equi and Babesia caballi antibodies in horses from central province of Saudi Arabia","volume":"98","author":"Alanazi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"11","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi in horses and mules from Northern Thailand","volume":"24","author":"Kamyingkird","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Protozool. Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2010.02.005","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi in the Swiss horse population","volume":"59","author":"Sigg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.09.035","article-title":"Serological and molecular detection of Theileria equi infection in horses in Hungary","volume":"192","author":"Farkas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2017015","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in horses in Spain","volume":"24","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2013.03.038","article-title":"Prevalence and genetic diversity of piroplasm species in horses and ticks from Tunisia","volume":"17","author":"Hurtado","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2013.02.005","article-title":"Prevalence and genetic diversity of equine piroplasms in Tov province, Mongolia","volume":"16","author":"Munkhjargal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2013.01.014","article-title":"Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of equine piroplasms in the Republic of Korea","volume":"94","author":"Seo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3109","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-6005-5","article-title":"First molecular evidence of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi infections in horses in Cuba","volume":"117","author":"Pires","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.02.004","article-title":"Detection of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi infections in Venezuelan horses using Competitive-Inhibition ELISA and PCR","volume":"196","author":"Rosales","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1590\/s1984-29612017046","article-title":"Genetic diversity of piroplasmids species in equids from island of S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds, northeastern Brazil","volume":"26","author":"Braga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Veterin\u00e1ria"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.10.018","article-title":"Piroplasms in feral and domestic equines in rural areas of the Danube Delta, Romania, with survey of dogs as a possible reservoir","volume":"206","author":"Qablan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.02.020","article-title":"Seroprevalence of equine piroplasms in the Republic of Korea","volume":"179","author":"Seo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.13-0477","article-title":"Epidemiological investigation of equine piroplasmosis in China by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays","volume":"76","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2012.04.003","article-title":"Piroplasmosis in Donkeys\u2014A Hematological and Serological Study in Central Ethiopia","volume":"33","author":"Gizachew","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2015.05.015","article-title":"A field survey for the seroprevalence of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in donkeys from Nuu Division, Kenya","volume":"6","author":"Oduori","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.11.069","article-title":"Molecular and serological detection of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in donkeys (Equus asinus) in Brazil","volume":"186","author":"Machado","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.05.005","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi infecting horses of Central-Southern Italy and preliminary results of its correlation with clinical and serological status","volume":"9","author":"Manna","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.08.014","article-title":"Development of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method for diagnosis of equine piroplasmosis","volume":"143","author":"Alhassan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00131-0","article-title":"Detection of natural infection of Boophilus microplus with Babesia equi and Babesia caballi in Brazilian horses using nested polymerase chain reaction","volume":"107","author":"Battsetseg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00105-3","article-title":"The \u03b2-tubulin gene of Babesia and Theileria parasites is an informative marker for species discrimination","volume":"30","author":"Onuma","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(98)00085-1","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis of Theileria and Babesia equi in relation to the establishment of parasite populations within novel host species and the development of diagnostic tests","volume":"95","author":"Katzer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.08.014","article-title":"Genetic diversity of piroplasms in Plains zebra (Equus quagga burchellii) and Cape mountain zebra (Equus zebra zebra) in South Africa","volume":"174","author":"Bhoora","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-009-1691-7","article-title":"Nucleotide sequence heterogeneity in the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene within Theileria equi from horses in Sudan","volume":"106","author":"Salim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2010.06.008","article-title":"Genetic diversity of equine piroplasms in Greece with a note on speciation within Theileria genotypes (T. equi and T. equi-like)","volume":"10","author":"Kouam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.08.017","article-title":"Molecular and serological detection of tick-borne pathogens in donkeys (Equus asinus) in Italy","volume":"173","author":"Veronesi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.04.010","article-title":"Detection and identification of equine Theileria and Babesia species by reverse line blotting: Epidemiological survey and phylogenetic analysis","volume":"123","author":"Nagore","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-35","article-title":"Genetic characterization of Theileria equi infecting horses in North America: Evidence for a limited source of US introductions","volume":"6","author":"Hall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.03.003","article-title":"Sequence heterogeneity in the 18S rRNA gene in Theileria equi from horses presented in Switzerland","volume":"221","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.11.015","article-title":"The \u201cexpanding universe\u201d of piroplasms","volume":"119","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.01.035","article-title":"Babesia\u2014A historical overview","volume":"138","author":"Uilenberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-010-1804-3","article-title":"A PCR study of piroplasms in 166 dogs and 111 horses in France (March 2006 to March 2008)","volume":"106","author":"Fritz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.11.070","article-title":"Quest for the piroplasms in camels: Identification of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in Jordanian dromedaries by PCR","volume":"186","author":"Qablan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.064","article-title":"A survey for piroplasmids in horses and Bactrian camels in North-Eastern Mongolia","volume":"179","author":"Sloboda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2017.09.010","article-title":"Diversity of piroplasmids among wild and domestic mammals and ectoparasites in Pantanal wetland, Brazil","volume":"9","author":"Fernandes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.11.009","article-title":"Prevalence and molecular characterization of piroplasmids in domestic dogs from Paraguay","volume":"10","author":"Alabi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"110","article-title":"Conventional and molecular detection of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi parasites in infected camels in south of Iraq","volume":"14","author":"Jasim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Basrah J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.7589\/2016-06-149","article-title":"Natural Infection of the South American Tapir (Tapirus terrestris) by Theileria equi","volume":"53","author":"Echeverria","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.12.005","article-title":"Diversity of Babesia and Theileria species in symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs in Croatia","volume":"39","author":"Beck","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-006-0430-6","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of the sensitivity of LAMP, PCR and in vitro culture methods for the diagnosis of equine piroplasmosis","volume":"100","author":"Alhassan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_131","first-page":"51","article-title":"In vitro cultivation of Babesia equi: Detection of carrier animals and isolation of parasites","volume":"64","author":"Zweygarth","year":"1997","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.04.010","article-title":"Serological and molecular detection of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in Philippine horses","volume":"9","author":"Talle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1294\/jes.7.67","article-title":"Equine piroplasmosis","volume":"7","author":"Ali","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Equine Sci."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(86)90091-9","article-title":"Species-specific serodiagnosis of equine piroplasma infections by means of complement fixation test (CFT), immunofluorescence (IIF), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)","volume":"20","author":"Weiland","year":"1986","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(96)10007-7","article-title":"Control of Babesia equi parasitemia","volume":"12","author":"Knowles","year":"1996","journal-title":"Parasitol. Today"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3122","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.30.12.3122-3126.1992","article-title":"Antibody to a recombinant merozoite protein epitope identifies horses infected with Babesia equi","volume":"30","author":"Knowles","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.7.2285-2290.1999","article-title":"Detection of equine antibodies to Babesia caballi by recombinant B. caballi rhoptry-associated protein 1 in a competitive-inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay","volume":"37","author":"Kappmeyer","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_138","first-page":"1","article-title":"Immuno-chromatographic Techniques: Benefits for the Diagnosis of Parasitic Infections","volume":"1","year":"2014","journal-title":"Austin Chromatogr"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-015-4656-9","article-title":"Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP): Principle, features, and future prospects","volume":"53","author":"Notomi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ueti, M.W., Mealey, R.H., Kappmeyer, L.S., White, S.N., Kumpula-McWhirter, N., Pelzel, A.M., and Hendrickson, A. (2012). Re-emergence of the apicomplexan Theileria equi in the United States: Elimination of persistent infection and transmission risk. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044713"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.95.9.188","article-title":"Treatment of equine piroplasmosis (B. caballi) with imidocarb dipropionate","volume":"95","author":"Frerichs","year":"1974","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"10","article-title":"Equine piroplasmosis","volume":"2","author":"Knowles","year":"1980","journal-title":"Equine Pr."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2003)089[0604:CKACAP]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Clotrimazole, ketoconazole, and clodinafop-propargyl as potent growth inhibitors of equine Babesia parasites during in vitro culture","volume":"89","author":"Bork","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.2.800-803.2003","article-title":"Growth-inhibitory effects of artesunate, pyrimethamine, and pamaquine against Babesia equi and Babesia caballi in in vitro cultures","volume":"47","author":"Nagai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.04.019","article-title":"The effects of nitidine chloride and camptothecin on the growth of Babesia and Theileria parasites","volume":"9","author":"Tayebwa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004005967","article-title":"The global importance of ticks","volume":"129","author":"Jongejan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2012.07.003","article-title":"Ticks and tick-borne diseases: A One Health perspective","volume":"28","author":"Chomel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00141-7","article-title":"Effects of environmental change on emerging parasitic diseases","volume":"30","author":"Patz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/16\/10\/1736\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:52:32Z","timestamp":1760187152000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/16\/10\/1736"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,16]]},"references-count":148,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph16101736"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16101736","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,16]]}}}