{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:48:48Z","timestamp":1787165328701,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,27]],"date-time":"2019-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81760603"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81760603"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guangxi National Natural Science Foundation","award":["2018GXNSFAA281018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018GXNSFAA281018"]}]},{"name":"The tuberculosis research training program at the Epidemiology Unit, Prince of Songkla University, under the support of the Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health","award":["D43TW009522"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43TW009522"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aims of the study were: (1) compare sociodemographic characteristics among active tuberculosis (TB) cases and their household contacts in cold and hot spot transmission areas, and (2) quantify the influence of locality, genotype and potential determinants on the rates of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) among household contacts of index TB cases. Parallel case-contact studies were conducted in two geographic areas classified as \u201ccold\u201d and \u201chot\u201d spots based on TB notification and spatial clustering between January and June 2018 in Guangxi, China, using data from field contact investigations, whole genome sequencing, tuberculin skin tests (TSTs), and chest radiographs. Beijing family strains accounted for 64.6% of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strains transmitted in hot spots, and 50.7% in cold spots (p-value = 0.02). The positive TST rate in hot spot areas was significantly higher than that observed in cold spot areas (p-value &lt; 0.01). Living in hot spots (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.75, 95%, confidence interval (CI): 1.22, 2.50), Beijing family genotype (aOR = 1.83, 95% CI: 1.19, 2.81), living in the same room with an index case (aOR = 2.29, 95% CI: 1.5, 3.49), travelling time from home to a medical facility (aOR = 4.78, 95% CI: 2.96, 7.72), history of Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccination (aOR = 2.02, 95% CI: 1.13 3.62), and delay in diagnosis (aOR = 2.56, 95% CI: 1.13, 5.80) were significantly associated with positive TST results among household contacts of TB cases. The findings of this study confirmed the strong transmissibility of the Beijing genotype family strains and this genotype\u2019s important role in household transmission. We found that an extended traveling time from home to the medical facility was an important socioeconomic factor for Mtb transmission in the family. It is still necessary to improve the medical facility infrastructure and management, especially in areas with a high TB prevalence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16101863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,27]],"date-time":"2019-05-27T11:19:27Z","timestamp":1558955967000},"page":"1863","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Hot and Cold Spot Areas of Household Tuberculosis Transmission in Southern China: Effects of Socio-Economic Status and Mycobacterium tuberculosis Genotypes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3415-6970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhezhe","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tuberculosis Control, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530028, China"},{"name":"Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dingwen","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tuberculosis Control, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530028, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9850-4463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virasakdi","family":"Chongsuvivatwong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1024-5813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward A.","family":"Graviss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, The Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angkana","family":"Chaiprasert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prasit","family":"Palittapongarnpim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tuberculosis Control, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530028, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Ou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tuberculosis Control, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530028, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinming","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tuberculosis Control, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530028, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2018.10.008","article-title":"The global burden of multiple chronic conditions: A narrative review","volume":"12","author":"Hajat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prev. 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