{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T15:23:47Z","timestamp":1788881027490,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,10]],"date-time":"2019-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Water-, sanitation-, and hygiene-related diseases are killing many people each year in developing countries, including Rwanda, and children under the age of five are the most vulnerable. This research assessed human waste disposal practices, knowledge on diseases caused by contact with human faeces, and knowledge on causes and prevention of selected WASH-related diseases. One thousand one hundred and seventy-three students were interviewed out of 2900 students. The results showed, regarding students\u2019 waste disposal practices, that 96.3% use latrines, 20.5% practice open defecation in bushes, and 3.2% defecate in water bodies. Regarding knowledge on diseases caused by contact with human faeces, 56.9% responded that they were aware of cholera, 26.5% of diarrhoea, 2.2% of dysentery, 0.3% of malaria, 0.1% of shigellosis, and 3.8% of typhoid. The majority of the respondents, between 50\u201399%, could not identify the main causes of the WASH-related diseases. This paper also showed that students lack health knowledge in regard to WASH-related diseases\u2019 causes and prevention. Therefore, the provision of water and sanitation infrastructures should go with the provision of health education on how to avoid these diseases and possible ways to improve the well-being of the students both at home and in their various schools.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16112052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,10]],"date-time":"2019-06-10T11:39:47Z","timestamp":1560166787000},"page":"2052","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Assessing Students\u2019 Knowledge on WASH-Related Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5358-2217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaldoon A.","family":"Mourad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social Sciences, Centre for Middle Eastern Studies, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Habumugisha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pan African University Institute of Water and Energy Sciences Including Climate Change, B.P. 119 P\u00f4le Chetouane, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bolaji F.","family":"Sule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Water Resources &amp; Environmental Engineering, University of Ilorin, P.M.B 1515, Ilorin 240003, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"UNICEF (2019, May 22). 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