{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T08:19:40Z","timestamp":1777537180477,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]],"date-time":"2019-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is the most common psychiatric disorder with high prevalence and disease burden. Biological treatments of MDD over the last several decades include a wide range of antidepressants and neurostimulation therapies. While recent meta-analyses have explored the efficacy and tolerability of antidepressants, the changing trends of biological treatments have not been evaluated. Our study measured the indices of change, expectations, and popularity of biological treatments of MDD between 1988 and 2017. Methods. We performed a scientometric analysis to identify all relevant publications related to biological treatments of MDD from 1988 to 2017. We searched the Web of Science websites for publications from 1 January 1988 to 31 December 2017. We included publications of fluoxetine, paroxetine, citalopram, sertraline, amitriptyline, fluvoxamine, escitalopram, venlafaxine, duloxetine, milnacipran, desvenlafaxine, levomilnacipran, clomipramine, nortriptyline, bupropion, trazodone, nefazodone, mirtazapine, agomelatine, vortioxetine, vilazodone, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), deep brain stimulation (DBS), and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). We excluded grey literature, conference proceedings, books\/book chapters, and publications with low quality as well as publications not related to medicine or human health. The primary outcomes assessed were indices of change, expectations, and popularity. Results. Of 489,496 publications identified, we included 355,116 publications in this scientometric analysis. For the index of change, fluoxetine, sertraline and ECT demonstrated a positive index of change in 6 consecutive periods. Other neurostimulation therapies including rTMS, VNS, DBS and tDCS had shown a positive index of change since 1998. We calculated the index of change of popularity index (PI), which indicates that from 2013 to 2017, the number of publications on tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) were reduced by 85.0% and 81.3% respectively, as compared with the period 2008\u20132012. For the index of expectation, fluoxetine and ECT showed the highest index of expectations in six consecutive periods and remained the highest in 2013\u20132017. For popularity, the three antidepressants with highest PI were fluoxetine (4.01), paroxetine (2.09), and sertraline (1.66); the three antidepressants with lowest PI were desvenlafaxine (0.08), vilazodone (0.04) and levomilnacipran (0.03). Among neurostimulation therapies, ECT has the highest PI (2.55), and tDCS the lowest PI (0.14). The PI of SSRI remained the highest among all biological treatments of MDD in 2013\u20132017. In contrast, the PI of ECT was reduced by approximately 50% during the period 2008 to2012 than that in the period 2013 to 2017. Conclusions. This scientometric analysis represents comprehensive evidence on the popularity and change in prospects of biological treatments for MDD from 1988 to 2017. The popularity of SSRI peaked between 1998 and 2002, when their efficacy, tolerability and safety profile allowed them to replace the TCAs and MAOIs. While the newer neurostimulation therapies are gaining momentum, the popularity of ECT has sustained.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16132255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]],"date-time":"2019-06-26T07:24:17Z","timestamp":1561533857000},"page":"2255","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Indices of Change, Expectations, and Popularity of Biological Treatments for Major Depressive Disorder between 1988 and 2017: A Scientometric Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7827-8449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bach X.","family":"Tran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"},{"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"},{"name":"Vietnam Young Physicians\u2019 Association, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giang H.","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giang T.","family":"Vu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Evidence-Based Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Long H.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carl A.","family":"Latkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kalpana","family":"Nathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University School of Medicine, 291 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roger S.","family":"McIntyre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada"},{"name":"Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7092-9566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cyrus S.","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0641-3060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wilson W.","family":"Tam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Evidence-Based Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9629-4493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roger C.","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore"},{"name":"Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2861","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21243-x","article-title":"Prevalence of Depression in the Community from 30 Countries between 1994 and 2014","volume":"8","author":"Lim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. 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