{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:45:00Z","timestamp":1787028300249,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,2]],"date-time":"2019-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China","award":["WKJ-ZJ-1917"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WKJ-ZJ-1917"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hepatitis C remains a significant public health threat. However, the main routes of transmission have changed since the early 1990s. Currently, drug use is the main source of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, and some measures have been successively implemented and additional studies have been published. However, the factors correlating with HCV infection failed to clearly define. Our study pooled the odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and analyzed sensitivity by searching data in the PubMed, Elsevier, Springer, Wiley, and EBSCO databases. Publication bias was determined by Egger\u2019s test. In our meta-analysis, HCV-infected and non-HCV-infected patients from 49 studies were analyzed. The pooled ORs with 95% CIs for study factors were as follows: Injecting drug use 10.11 (8.54, 11.97); sharing needles and syringes 2.24 (1.78, 2.83); duration of drug use &gt;5 years 2.39 (1.54, 3.71); unemployment 1.50 (1.22, 1.85); commercial sexual behavior 1.00 (0.73, 1.38); married or cohabiting with a regular partner 0.88 (0.79, 0.98), and sexual behavior without a condom 1.72 (1.07, 2.78). This study found that drug users with histories of injecting drug use, sharing needles and syringes, drug use duration of &gt;5 years, and unemployment, were at increased risk of HCV infection. Our findings indicate that sterile needles and syringes should be made available to ensure safe injection. In view of that, methadone maintenance treatment can reduce or put an end to risky drug-use behaviors, and should be scaled up further, thereby reducing HCV infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16132345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,2]],"date-time":"2019-07-02T12:11:17Z","timestamp":1562069477000},"page":"2345","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Factors Correlating to the Development of Hepatitis C Virus Infection among Drug Users\u2014Findings from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Biao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Scientific Research and Information Management, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou 310051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gao Feng","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Scientific Research and Information Management, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou 310051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua Kun","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Scientific Research and Information Management, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou 310051, China"},{"name":"Department of Immunization planning, Zhejiang provincial key laboratory of infectious disease vaccine and prevention and control. 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou 310051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuang Fei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Scientific Research and Information Management, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou 310051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng Ting","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Scientific Research and Information Management, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou 310051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng Gang","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Scientific Research and Information Management, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou 310051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chong Gao","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Scientific Research and Information Management, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou 310051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong Di","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Scientific Research and Information Management, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou 310051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"376","article-title":"Epidemiology of Hepatitis C","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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