{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T23:20:37Z","timestamp":1793834437216,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,2]],"date-time":"2019-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad Central del Ecuador","award":["without number"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["without number"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Outdoor air pollution is associated with respiratory infections and allergies, yet the role of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in pathogen containment and airway hyperresponsiveness relevant to effects of air pollutants on ILCs is poorly understood. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the available evidence on the effect of outdoor air pollutants on the lung type 1 (ILC1) and type 2 ILCs (ILC2) subsets. We searched five electronic databases (up to Dec 2018) for studies on the effect of carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), diesel exhaust particles (DEP), ozone (O3), and particulate matter (PM) on respiratory ILCs. Of 2209 identified citations, 22 full-text papers were assessed for eligibility, and 12 articles describing experimental studies performed in murine strains (9) and on human blood cells (3) were finally selected. Overall, these studies showed that exposure to PM, DEP, and high doses of O3 resulted in a reduction of interferon gamma (IFN-\u03b3) production and cytotoxicity of ILC1. These pollutants and carbon nanotubes stimulate lung ILC2s, produce high levels of interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-13, and induce airway hyperresponsiveness. These findings highlight potential mechanisms by which human ILCs react to air pollution that increase the susceptibility to infections and allergies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16132347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,2]],"date-time":"2019-07-02T12:11:17Z","timestamp":1562069477000},"page":"2347","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Effects of Air Pollution on Lung Innate Lymphoid Cells: Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Experimental Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Bertha","family":"Estrella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9562-4734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena N.","family":"Naumova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magda","family":"Cepeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2830-6813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trudy","family":"Voortman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7690-5218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter D.","family":"Katsikis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hemmo A.","family":"Drexhage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390701598234","article-title":"Children\u2019s response to air pollutants","volume":"71","author":"Bateson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. A"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390701598200","article-title":"Nasal contribution to breathing and fine particle deposition in children versus adults","volume":"71","author":"Bennett","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"194","article-title":"Urban air pollution and respiratory infections Paediatr","volume":"15","author":"Brugha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respir. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"38","article-title":"Air pollution during pregnancy and lung development in the child. Paediatr","volume":"21","author":"Korten","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respir. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu234","article-title":"Air pollution and acute respiratory infections among children 0-4 years of age: an 18-year time-series study","volume":"180","author":"Darrow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esposito, S., Galeone, C., Lelii, M., Longhi, B., Ascolese, B., Senatore, L., Prada, E., Montinaro, V., Malerba, S., and Patria, M.F. (2014). Impact of air pollution on respiratory diseases in children with recurrent wheezing or asthma. BMC Pulm. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2466-14-130"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7494","article-title":"Acute respiratory diseases and carboxyhemoglobin status in school children of Quito, Ecuador","volume":"113","author":"Estrella","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Health. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-10-93","article-title":"Air pollution and anemia as risk factors for pneumonia in Ecuadorian children: a retrospective cohort analysis","volume":"10","author":"Harris","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-6-21","article-title":"Emergency room visits for respiratory conditions in children increased after Guagua Pichincha volcanic eruptions in April 2000 in Quito, Ecuador observational study: Time series analysis","volume":"6","author":"Naumova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23262","article-title":"Respiratory effects of air pollution on children","volume":"51","author":"Goldizen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-3180.2014.00122601","article-title":"Air pollutants and hospitalization due to pneumonia among children. An ecological time series study","volume":"133","author":"Tuan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sao Paulo Med. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.11.021","article-title":"Effects of particulate air pollution and ozone on lung function in non-asthmatic children","volume":"137","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31597-5","article-title":"Impact of air pollution on the burden of chronic respiratory diseases in China: time for urgent action","volume":"388","author":"Guan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.1.9908092","article-title":"Airway inflammation after controlled exposure to diesel exhaust particulates","volume":"162","author":"Nightingale","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paulin, L., and Hansel, N. (2016). Particulate air pollution and impaired lung function. F1000 Res., 5.","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.7108.1"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6042","article-title":"Chronic exposure to high levels of particulate air pollution and small airway remodeling","volume":"111","author":"Churg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"305","article-title":"Air pollution, oxidative stress, and exacerbation of autoimmune diseases","volume":"42","author":"Gawda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lodovici, M., and Bigagli, E. (2011). Oxidative stress and air pollution exposure. J. Toxicol., 487074.","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/487074"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33901","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-3344-9","article-title":"Particulate matter air pollution and respiratory impact on humans and animals","volume":"25","author":"Losacco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2014-0035OC","article-title":"Interaction with epithelial cells modifies airway macrophage response to ozone","volume":"52","author":"Bauer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2016.07.015","article-title":"Mechanisms of the acute effects of inhaled ozone in humans","volume":"1860","author":"Bromberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaguin, M., Fardel, O., and Lecureur, V. (2015). Exposure to diesel exhaust particle extracts (DEPe) impairs some polarization markers and functions of human macrophages through activation of AhR and Nrf2. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116560"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2006-0293OC","article-title":"Effect of concentrated ambient particles on macrophage phagocytosis and killing of Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"36","author":"Zhou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-017-0700-0","article-title":"Urban particulate matter (pm) suppresses airway antibacterial defence","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619523","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/619523","article-title":"Contribution of lung macrophages to the inflammatory responses induced by exposure to air pollutants","volume":"2013","author":"Hiraiwa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-010-9158-2","article-title":"Roles of oxidative stress in signaling and inflammation induced by particulate matter","volume":"26","author":"Fernandes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell. Biol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2011.09.007","article-title":"The innate and adaptive immune response induced by alveolar macrophages exposed to ambient particulate matter","volume":"257","author":"Miyata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00763","article-title":"The toxicological mechanisms of environmental soot (black carbon) and carbon black: Focus on oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways","volume":"8","author":"Niranjan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2507","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.03018-14","article-title":"Air pollution particulate matter alters antimycobacterial respiratory epithelium innate immunity","volume":"83","author":"Sarkar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2778","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1101380","article-title":"Suppression of the NF-kB pathway by diesel exhaust particles impairs human antimycobacterial immunity","volume":"188","author":"Sarkar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2007.04.014","article-title":"Air pollution particles diminish bacterial clearance in the primed lungs of mice","volume":"223","author":"Sigaud","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-014-1905-x","article-title":"Primary alveolar macrophages exposed to diesel particulate matter increase rage expression and activate rage signaling","volume":"358","author":"Barton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell. Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2131","article-title":"Innate lymphoid cells promote lung-tissue homeostasis after infection with influenza virus","volume":"12","author":"Monticelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3489","article-title":"Innate lymphoid cells as regulators of immunity, inflammation and tissue homeostasis","volume":"17","author":"Klose","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2015.01.005","article-title":"Lung ILC2s link innate and adaptive responses in allergic inflammation","volume":"36","author":"Steer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"25","article-title":"The origin and role of innate lymphoid cells in the lung","volume":"3","author":"Lai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mil. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14189","article-title":"The biology of innate lymphoid cells","volume":"517","author":"Artis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3481","article-title":"Development of innate lymphoid cells","volume":"17","author":"Zook","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-017-0369-7","article-title":"Transcriptional regulators dictate innate lymphoid cell fates","volume":"8","author":"Zhong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Protein Cell."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2016.07.005","article-title":"Diversity and function of group 1 innate lymphoid cells","volume":"179","author":"Cortez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3365","article-title":"Innate lymphoid cells\u2014A proposal for uniform nomenclature","volume":"13","author":"Spits","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3349","article-title":"Innate lymphoid cells--how did we miss them?","volume":"13","author":"Walker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.12.018","article-title":"How many subsets of innate lymphoid cells do we need?","volume":"46","author":"Ealey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.11.005","article-title":"Human innate lymphoid cell subsets possess tissue-type based heterogeneity in phenotype and frequency","volume":"46","author":"Simoni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"PRISMA (2019, June 28). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Website. Available online: http:\/\/www.prisma-statement.org\/."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Estrella, B., Cepda, M., Naumova, E.N., Katsikis, P.D., and Drexhage, H.A. (2019, April 14). The Role of Air Pollution in Lung Innate Lymphoid Cells. Quito: Universidad Central del Ecuador Website 2018. Available online: http:\/\/repositorio.uce.edu.ec\/archivos\/mrpallasco\/PDF\/PROTOCOL SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AIR POLLUTION-ILCs -ESTRELLA B.pdf."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kilkenny, C., Browne, W.J., Cuthill, I.C., Emerson, M., and Altman, D.G. (2010). Improving bioscience research reporting: The Arrive Guidelines For Reporting Animal Research. PLoS Biol., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000412"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.3109\/17435390.2012.702230","article-title":"IL-33 mediates multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-induced airway hyper-reactivity via the mobilization of innate helper cells in the lung","volume":"7","author":"Beamer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.03.044","article-title":"Dysregulation of type 2 innate lymphoid cells and Th2 cells impairs pollutant-induced allergic airway responses","volume":"139","author":"Provoost","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3808","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.6.3808","article-title":"Diesel exhaust particles suppress in vivo IFN- production by inhibiting cytokine effects on NK and NKt cells","volume":"172","author":"Finkelman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP272","article-title":"IL-33 drives augmented responses to ozone in obese mice","volume":"125","author":"Mathews","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.06.037","article-title":"Group 2 innate lymphoid cells mediate ozone-induced airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in mice","volume":"137","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Allergy. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2014.09.006","article-title":"Exposure to particular matter increases susceptibility to respiratory staphylococcus aureus infection in rats via reducing pulmonary natural killer cells","volume":"325","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.3109\/08923978909005397","article-title":"Immunosuppression of pulmonary natural killer activity by exposure to ozone","volume":"11","author":"Burleson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623317728135","article-title":"Innate lymphoid cells mediate pulmonary eosinophilic inflammation, airway mucous cell metaplasia, and type 2 immunity in mice exposed to ozone","volume":"45","author":"Kumagai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2018.03.02","article-title":"Lipoxin A4 regulates PM2.5-induced severe allergic asthma in mice via the Th1\/Th2 balance of group 2 innate lymphoid cells","volume":"10","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-10-16","article-title":"Diesel exhaust particles modify natural killer cell function and cytokine release","volume":"10","author":"Chehrazi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/08820139.2013.810240","article-title":"A stimulatory role of ozone exposure on human natural killer cells","volume":"43","author":"Kucuksezer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol. Invest."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L332","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00256.2012","article-title":"Ozone exposed epithelial cells modify cocultured natural killer cells","volume":"304","author":"Brighton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.12703\/P6-13","article-title":"The M1 and M2 paradigm of macrophage activation: Time for reassessment","volume":"6","author":"Martinez","year":"2014","journal-title":"F1000Prime Rep."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3205","article-title":"Interferon-gamma regulates cellular metabolism and mRNA translation to potentiate macrophage activation","volume":"16","author":"Su","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2008.11.006","article-title":"The phagosomal proteome in interferon-gamma-activated macrophages","volume":"30","author":"Trost","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2009.02.004","article-title":"Interferon-gamma: A historical perspective","volume":"20","author":"Billiau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925135","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/925135","article-title":"CD4(+)Tcells: Differentiation and functions","volume":"2012","author":"Luckheeram","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Dev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2010.00951.x","article-title":"Peripheral CD4+ T-cell differentiation regulated by networks of cytokines and transcription factors","volume":"238","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immuno. Rev."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-013-0373-9","article-title":"Role of interleukin-13 in asthma","volume":"13","author":"Corren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2007.05.033","article-title":"Association of IL-5 cytokine production and in vivo IgE levels in infants and parents","volume":"120","author":"Crestani","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxp102","article-title":"IL-5- and eosinophil-mediated inflammation: From discovery to therapy","volume":"21","author":"Kouro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/1939-4551-7-32","article-title":"Anti-il5 therapy for asthma and beyond","volume":"7","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ. J."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1057\/s41271-018-0148-6","article-title":"Air pollution control and the occurrence of acute respiratory illness in school children of Quito, Ecuador","volume":"40","author":"Estrella","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Public Health Policy"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/16\/13\/2347\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:02:00Z","timestamp":1760187720000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/16\/13\/2347"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,2]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph16132347"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16132347","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,2]]}}}