{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:42:30Z","timestamp":1760240550188,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,18]],"date-time":"2019-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81700094","91643102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81700094","91643102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE180101138","DP160101953"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE180101138","DP160101953"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Foundation for the Fujian University of Technology","award":["GY-Z17016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GY-Z17016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rats have been widely used as surrogates for evaluating the adverse health effects of inhaled airborne particulate matter. This paper presents a computational fluid and particle dynamics (CFPD) study of particle transport and deposition in an approximate rat central airway model. The geometric model was constructed based on magnetic resonance (MR) imaging data sourced from previous study. Lung-inhalable particles covering a diameter range from 20 nm to 1.0 \u00b5m were passively released into the trachea, and the Lagrangian particle tracking approach was used to predict individual particle trajectories. Overall, regional and local deposition patterns in the central airway were analyzed in detail. A preliminary interspecies data comparison was made between present rat models and previously published human data. Results showed deposition \u201chot spots\u201d were mainly concentrated at airway bifurcation apexes, and a gravitational effect should also be considered for inertia particles when using a rat as a laboratory animal. While for humans, this may not happen as the standing posture is completely different. Lastly, the preliminary interspecies data comparison confirms the deposition similarity in terms of deposition enhancement factors, which is a weighted deposition concentration parameter. This interspecies comparison confirms feasibility of extrapolating surrogate rat deposition data to humans using existing data extrapolation approach, which mostly relies on bulk anatomical differences as dose adjustment factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16142571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,19]],"date-time":"2019-07-19T03:14:41Z","timestamp":1563506081000},"page":"2571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Inhalation Exposure Analysis of Lung-Inhalable Particles in an Approximate Rat Central Airway"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2812-6188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingliang","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indoor Environment Engineering Research Center of Fujian Province, College of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, Fujian 350118, China"},{"name":"School of Engineering, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiawei","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0476-0237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiao","family":"Inthavong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1264-4837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiyuan","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b03709","article-title":"Ambient air pollution exposure estimation for the global burden of disease 2013","volume":"50","author":"Brauer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. 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