{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T14:53:20Z","timestamp":1788533600815,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,23]],"date-time":"2019-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51438005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51438005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Students studying for a long time frequently suffer from attentional fatigue; however, campuses lack specific spaces in which to restore attention. This study aimed to explore the significant perceptual factors related to student selection of landscape types that they perceive as most relaxing on a university campus. To understand the design factors of an attention restoration space, this study examined the preference of students regarding restorative environments on university campuses at six universities in northeastern China using a questionnaire survey (n = 360). Place-mapping revealed the spatial characteristics of the preferences of students for relaxing in the available space. The primary perceptual factors were obtained using correlation analysis and keyword frequency. A relationship model of landscape types and perceptual factors was established using categorical regression (CATREG). Results showed that waterfront spaces have the optimal perceived attention restoration effect, followed by vegetation spaces, courtyard spaces and square spaces. Visibility, accessibility, comfort, recognition and sense of belonging are significant perceptual factors that should be first considered. Moreover, the optimal selection of design factors depends on the interaction of landscape types and perceptual factors. The design implications may assist designers to gain a new perspective on student requirements for a healthy environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16142629","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,23]],"date-time":"2019-07-23T10:44:51Z","timestamp":1563878691000},"page":"2629","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Attention Restoration Space on a University Campus: Exploring Restorative Campus Design Based on Environmental Preferences of Students"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ming","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cold Region Urban and Rural Human Settlement Environment Science and Technology, School of Architecture, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingwan","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cold Region Urban and Rural Human Settlement Environment Science and Technology, School of Architecture, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2019, May 27). Statista Percentage of U.S. College Students that Felt Tired, Dragged Out or Sleepy within the Past 7 Days as of Fall 2018. Available online: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/827009\/fatigue-symptoms-among-us-college-students\/."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2019, May 27). Statista Percentage of U.S. College Students that had ever Felt Overwhelming Anxiety as of Fall 2018. Available online: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/826896\/anxiety-among-us-college-students\/."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Hibbs, B.J., and Rostain, A. (2019). The Stressed Years of Their Lives: Helping Your Kid Survive and Thrive during Their College Years, St. Martin\u2019s Press."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916515598200","article-title":"The Relationship between Perceived Greenness and Perceived Restorativeness of University Campuses and Student-Reported Quality of Life","volume":"48","author":"Hipp","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holt, E., Lombard, Q., Best, N., Smiley-Smith, S., and Quinn, J. (2019). Active and Passive Use of Green Space, Health and Well-Being amongst University Students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16030424"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Chang, J. (2013). A Study on Campus Landscape of Chinese and Western Universities. [Ph.D. Thesis, Nanjing Forestry University]."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coulson, J., Roberts, P., and Taylor, I. (2010). University Planning and Architecture: The Search for Perfection, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203846353"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2015.04.003","article-title":"40-second green roof views sustain attention: The role of micro-breaks in attention restoration","volume":"42","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Environ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2015.12.015","article-title":"Impact of views to school landscapes on recovery from stress and mental fatigue","volume":"148","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1353\/csd.2018.0019","article-title":"Psychological Restoration Practices among College Students","volume":"59","author":"Altaher","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Coll. Student Dev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-2046(93)90004-W","article-title":"Health and environment: A psychological analysis","volume":"26","author":"Kaplan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Zube, E.H., Brush, R.O., and Fabos, J.F. (1975). Perception and prediction of scenic resource values of the Northeast: Values, Perceptions and Resources. Landscape Assessment: Values, Perceptions and Resources, Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altman, I., and Wohlwill, J.F. (1976). Perception of Landscape and Land Use. Human Behavior and Environment, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-2550-5"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-4944(05)80185-9","article-title":"Preference and meaning of arboretum landscapes: Combining quantitative and qualitative data","volume":"11","author":"Schroeder","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Environ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Lee, C. (2011). The Effect of Landscape Ecological Structure on the Psychological and Physiological Responses in School Environment. [Master\u2019s Thesis, National Taiwan University]."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s11355-013-0234-7","article-title":"Relationship between the reflected brightness of artificial lighting and land-use types: A case study of the University of Arizona campus","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2005.07.006","article-title":"Spatial-temporal gradient analysis of urban green spaces in Jinan, China","volume":"78","author":"Kong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-160X(02)00053-5","article-title":"Applicability of landscape metrics for the monitoring of landscape change: Issues of scale, resolution and interpretability","volume":"2","author":"Lausch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1758-0854.2011.01055.x","article-title":"Well-being, Reasonableness and the Natural Environment","volume":"3","author":"Kaplan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Psychol. Health Well-Being"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Kaplan, R., and Kaplan, S. (1989). The Experience of Nature: A Psychological Perspectiv, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2014.11.005","article-title":"Perceived restorativeness of children\u2019s school playground environments: Nature, playground features and play period experiences","volume":"41","author":"Bagot","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Environ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"73","article-title":"Study on the Effect of Spatial Characteristics and Health Restoration of Urban Parks in Harbin City in Autumn\u2014Taking Zhaolin Park as an Example","volume":"33","author":"Ye","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hum. Settl. West China"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1080\/00207590601000590","article-title":"Assessing the restorative value of the environment: A study on the elderly in comparison with young adults and adolescents","volume":"42","author":"Berto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2005.043125","article-title":"Green space, urbanity and health: How strong is the relation?","volume":"60","author":"Maas","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2018.01.009","article-title":"Moving beyond the neighborhood: Daily exposure to nature and adolescents\u2019 mood","volume":"173","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2009.104695","article-title":"Greenspace in urban neighbourhoods and residents\u2019 health: Adding quality to quantity","volume":"66","author":"Dillen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2016.10.007","article-title":"Campus score: Measuring university campus qualities","volume":"158","author":"Hajrasouliha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Browning, M., and Rigolon, A. (2019). School Green Space and Its Impact on Academic Performance: A Systematic Literature Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16030429"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-032013-182443","article-title":"Nature and health","volume":"35","author":"Hartig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"43","article-title":"In Pursuit of Nature: The Role of Nature in Adolescents\u2019 Lives","volume":"4","author":"Owens","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dev. Process."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"f6304","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f6304","article-title":"Convenience sampling","volume":"347","author":"Sedgwick","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Sjoberg, S.A. (2012). The Influence of Sensory and Behavioral Factors on Whole Grain Bread Consumption among a Convenience Sample of Adults. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Minnesota]."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Du, Z. (2014). Methods and Practice of Social Investigation, Publishing house of electronics industry."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2014.10.001","article-title":"Environmental affordances: A practical approach for design of nearby outdoor settings in urban residential areas","volume":"134","author":"Hadavi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.5116\/ijme.4dfb.8dfd","article-title":"Making sense of Cronbach\u2019s alpha","volume":"2","author":"Tavakol","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Educ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2004.08.009","article-title":"Local minima in categorical multiple regression","volume":"50","author":"Kooij","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comput. Stat. Data Anal."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"659","article-title":"Statistical analysis of attitude and health care behavior of Chiang Mai University students (Thailand)","volume":"8","author":"Tanvatanagul","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Stat. Manag. Syst."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1300\/J047v14n01_04","article-title":"The Dynamics of Chinese Consumers","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Int. Food Agribus. Mark."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Meulman, J.J. (1998). Optimal scaling methods for multivariate categorical data analysis. Data Theory Group Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Leiden University."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1972.10481251","article-title":"Significance Testing of the Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient","volume":"67","author":"Zar","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1080\/713848278","article-title":"Detecting Trends Using Spearman\u2019s Rank Correlation Coefficient","volume":"2","author":"Gautheir","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Forensics"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Pratt, J.W. (1987). Dividing the indivisible: Using simple symmetry to partition variance explained. Proceedings of the Second International Conference in Statistics, University of Tampere."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-4944(05)80064-7","article-title":"Tranquility and preference as affective qualities of natural environments","volume":"12","author":"Herzog","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Environ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaplan, R. (1983). The Role of Nature in the Urban Context. Behavior and the Natural Environment, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-3539-9_5"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-4944(02)00112-3","article-title":"Where to recover from attentional fatigue: An expectancy-value analysis of environmental preference","volume":"23","author":"Staats","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Environ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2007.01.012","article-title":"Employees\u2019 reactions to nearby nature at their workplace: The wild and the tame","volume":"82","author":"Kaplan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-4944(02)00113-5","article-title":"Assessing the restorative components of environments","volume":"23","author":"Herzog","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Environ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2016.12.006","article-title":"Using the Online Walking Journal to explore the relationship between campus environment and walking behaviour","volume":"5","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Transp. Health"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"159","article-title":"Development of an urban green space indicator and the public health rationale","volume":"44","author":"Matilda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scand. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2009.06.003","article-title":"Components of small urban parks that predict the possibility for restoration","volume":"8","author":"Nordh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2014.04.012","article-title":"Evaluating restoration in urban green spaces: Does setting type make a difference?","volume":"127","author":"Berg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2012.12.013","article-title":"Associations between park characteristics and perceived restorativeness of small public urban green spaces","volume":"112","author":"Peschardt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2004.11.002","article-title":"Choosing restorative environments across the lifespan: A matter of place experience","volume":"24","author":"Scopelliti","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Environ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3368\/lj.3.2.91","article-title":"Prospects and Refuges Re-Visited","volume":"3","author":"Appleton","year":"1984","journal-title":"Landsc. J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2015.02.018","article-title":"A dose\u2013Response curve describing the relationship between tree cover density and landscape preference","volume":"139","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/01426390801981720","article-title":"Introducing Healing Gardens into a Compact University Campus: Design Natural Space to Create Healthy and Sustainable Campuses","volume":"34","author":"Lau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Landsc. Res."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/16\/14\/2629\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:08:47Z","timestamp":1760188127000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/16\/14\/2629"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,23]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph16142629"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16142629","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,23]]}}}