{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T05:07:43Z","timestamp":1791522463933,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":167,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,31]],"date-time":"2019-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) is a global epidemic. Sri Lanka has experienced a doubling of the disease every 4 or 5 years since it was first identified in the North Central province in the mid-1990s. The disease primarily affects people in agricultural regions who are missing the commonly known risk factors for CKD. Sri Lanka is not alone: health workers have reported prevalence of CKDu in Mexico, Nicaragua, El Salvador, and the state of Andhra Pradesh in India. A global search for the cause of CKDu has not identified a single factor, but rather many factors that may contribute to the etiology of the disease. Some of these factors include heat stroke leading to dehydration, toxic metals such as cadmium and arsenic, fluoride, low selenium, toxigenic cyanobacteria, nutritionally deficient diet and mycotoxins from mold exposure. Furthermore, exposure to agrichemicals, particularly glyphosate and paraquat, are likely compounding factors, and may be the primary factors. Here, we argue that glyphosate in particular is working synergistically with most of the other factors to increase toxic effects. We propose, further, that glyphosate causes insidious harm through its action as an amino acid analogue of glycine, and that this interferes with natural protective mechanisms against other exposures. Glyphosate\u2019s synergistic health effects in combination with exposure to other pollutants, in particular paraquat, and physical labor in the ubiquitous high temperatures of lowland tropical regions, could result in renal damage consistent with CKDu in Sri Lanka.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16152734","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,31]],"date-time":"2019-07-31T11:37:07Z","timestamp":1564573027000},"page":"2734","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Glyphosate\u2019s Synergistic Toxicity in Combination with Other Factors as a Cause of Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Origin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sarath","family":"Gunatilake","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Science Department, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8191-1049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Seneff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Orlando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Department, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.4038\/cmj.v58i1.5356","article-title":"Geographical distribution of chronic kidney disease of unknown origin in North Central Region of Sri Lanka","volume":"58","author":"Jayasekara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ceylon Med. J."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"455","article-title":"Prevalence of G6PD deficiency in patients with chronic kidney disease of unknown origin in North Central region of Sri Lanka: Case control study","volume":"4","author":"Jayasekara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Recent Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wimalawansa, S.J. (2015). Agrochemicals and Chronic Kidney Disease of Multi-Factorial Origin: Environmentally Induced Occupational Exposure an Occupational Exposure Disease. Int. J. Nephrol. Kidney Fail., 1.","DOI":"10.16966\/2380-5498.111"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1080\/10773525.2016.1203097","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka","volume":"22","author":"Rajapakse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2018, December 02). Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. Available online: http:\/\/www.healthdata.org\/el-salvador."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.37757\/MR2014.V16.N2.3","article-title":"Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology in Agricultural Communities","volume":"16","author":"Almaguer","year":"2014","journal-title":"MEDICC Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfy070","article-title":"Meso-American nephropathy: What we have learned about the potential genetic influence on chronic kidney disease development","volume":"11","author":"Ortiz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.37757\/MR2014.V16.N2.8","article-title":"Histopathology of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Salvadoran agricultural communities","volume":"16","author":"Flores","year":"2014","journal-title":"MEDICC Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weaver, V.M., Fadrowski, J.J., and Jaar, B.G. (2015). Global dimensions of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu): A modern era environmental and\/or occupational nephropathy?. BMC Nephrol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-015-0105-6"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.4172\/2161-0525.1000542","article-title":"Is glyphosate a key factor in Mesoamerican nephropathy?","volume":"8","author":"Seneff","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110202125","article-title":"Glyphosate, hard water and nephrotoxic metals: Are they the culprits behind the epidemic of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka?","volume":"11","author":"Jayasumana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jayasumana, C., Gajanayake, R., and Siribaddana, S. (2014). Importance of Arsenic and pesticides in epidemic chronic kidney disease in Sri Lanka. BMC Nephrol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2369-15-124"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wijkstr\u00f6m, J., Jayasumana, C., Dassanayake, R., Priyawardane, N., Godakanda, N., Siribaddana, S., Ring, A., Hultenby, K., S\u00f6derberg, M., and Elinder, C.G. (2018). Morphological and clinical findings in Sri Lankan patients with chronic kidney disease of unknown cause (CKDu): Similarities and differences with Mesoamerican Nephropathy. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193056"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-007-9129-6","article-title":"Chronic renal failure among farm families in cascade irrigation systems in Sri Lanka associated with elevated dietary cadmium levels in rice and freshwater fish (Tilapia)","volume":"30","author":"Bandara","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wanigasuriya, K.P., Peiris-John, R.J., and Wickremasinghe, R. (2011). Chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology in Sri Lanka: Is cadmium a likely cause?. BMC Nephrol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2369-12-32"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-010-9339-1","article-title":"Chronic kidney diseases of uncertain etiology (CKDue) in Sri Lanka: Geographic distribution and environmental implications","volume":"33","author":"Chandrajith","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Redmon, J.H., Elledge, M.F., Womack, D.S., Wickremashinghe, R., Wanigasuriya, K.P., Peiris-John, R.J., Lunyera, J., Smith, K.L., Raymer, J.H., and Levine, K. (2014). Additional perspectives on chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka\u2013lessons learned from the WHO CKDu population prevalence study. BMC Nephrol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2369-15-125"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siriwardhana, E.A., Perera, P.A., Sivakanesan, R., Abeysekara, T., Nugegoda, D.B., and Weerakoon, K.G. (2014). Is the staple diet eaten in Medawachchiya, Sri Lanka, a predisposing factor in the development of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology? A comparison based on urinary beta2-microglobulin measurements. BMC Nephrol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2369-15-103"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-017-0268-y","article-title":"Beginning of a journey: Unraveling the mystery of chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka","volume":"13","author":"Kumares","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2017.12.025","article-title":"Toxicity of formulants and heavy metals in glyphosate-based herbicides and other pesticides","volume":"5","author":"Defarge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Avramova, N. (2019, July 26). Austrian Lawmakers Vote to Ban Weed Killer Glyphosate. Available online: https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2019\/07\/03\/health\/austria-glyphosate-ban-weed-killer-bayer-intl\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"234","article-title":"Chronic interstitial nephritis in agricultural communities: A worldwide epidemic with social, occupational and environmental determinants","volume":"32","author":"Jayasumana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.13841215","article-title":"Climate Change and the Emergent Epidemic of CKD from Heat Stress in Rural Communities: The Case for Heat Stress Nephropathy","volume":"11","author":"Glaser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2003.0661","article-title":"Water and wastewater related issues in Sri Lanka","volume":"47","author":"Bandara","year":"2003","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Mateo-Sagasta, J., Marjani Zadeh, S., and Turral, H. (2018, December 02). Water Pollution from Agriculture: A Global Review. The Food and Agricultural Organization 2017. Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/a-i7754e.pdf."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agampodi, S.B., Amarasinghe, G.S., Naotunna, P.G.C.R., Jayasumana, C.S., and Siribaddana, S.H. (2018). Early renal damage among children living in the region of highest burden of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka. BMC Nephrol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-018-0911-8"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.37757\/MR2014.V16.N2.10","article-title":"Update on uncertain etiology of chronic kidney disease in Sri Lankas north-central dry zone","volume":"16","author":"Wanigasuriya","year":"2014","journal-title":"MEDICC Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noble, A., Amerasinghe, P., Manthrithilake, H., and Sutharsiny, A. (2014). Review of Literature on Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka. Colombo, Sri Lanka. IWMI.","DOI":"10.5337\/2014.206"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-015-0868-z","article-title":"Phosphate fertilizer is a main source of arsenic in areas affected with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka","volume":"4","author":"Jayasumana","year":"2015","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.37757\/MR2016.V18.N1-2.4","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease in children and adolescents in Salvadoran farming communities: NefroSalva pediatric study (2009\u20132011)","volume":"18","author":"Elsy","year":"2016","journal-title":"MEDICC Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bandarage, A. (2013). Political Economy of Epidemic Kidney Disease in Sri Lanka. SAGE Open, 1\u201313.","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244013511827"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Gunatilake, S., and Illangasekere, T. (2015, January 14\u201318). Hydro-epidemiology of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Sri Lanka and its similarities to the CKD epidemic in Meso-America. Proceedings of the AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-14-6","article-title":"Drinking well water and occupational exposure to herbicides is associated with chronic kidney disease, in Padavi-Sripura, Sri Lanka","volume":"14","author":"Jayasumana","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.5296\/emsd.v7i3.13129","article-title":"Will restoration of ecological functions of tank cascade system contribute to reduce CKDu in Sri Lanka? A review","volume":"7","author":"Abeysingha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Manag. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Silva, M.W.A. (2018). Drinking water and chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka. Anthr. Med., 1\u201317.","DOI":"10.4038\/suslj.v16i1.7714"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jayatilake, N., Mendis, S., Maheepala, P., Mehta, F.R., and CKDu National Research Project Team (2013). CKDu National Research Project Team. Chronic kidney disease of uncertain aetiology: Prevalence and causative factors in a developing country. BMC Nephrol., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2369-14-180"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2010.10.046","article-title":"Dose-dependent Na and Ca in fluoride-rich drinking water\u2014another major cause of chronic renal failure in tropical arid regions","volume":"409","author":"Chandrajith","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-014-9641-4","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology and ground-water ionicity: Study based on sri Lanka","volume":"37","author":"Amarasiri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jayasumana, C., Gunatilake, S., and Siribaddana, S. (2015). Simultaneous exposure to multiple heavy metals and glyphosate may contribute to Sri Lankan agricultural nephropathy. BMC Nephrol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-015-0109-2"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"188","article-title":"Pesticide residues in selected vegetables in several growing areas by GC\/MS using QuEChERS Technique","volume":"19","author":"Lakshani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Sri Lanka Dep. Agric."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gunarathna, S., Gunawardana, B., Jayaweera, M., Manatunge, J., and Zoysa, K. (2018). Glyphosate and AMPA of agricultural soil, surface water, groundwater and sediments in areas prevalent with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology, Sri Lanka. J. Environ. Sci. Health Part B, 1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1080\/03601234.2018.1480157"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.07.134","article-title":"Glyphosate and atrazine in rainfall and soils in agroproductive areas of the pampas region in Argentina","volume":"645","author":"Alonso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s10681-011-0365-6","article-title":"The potential of lentil (Lens culinaris L.) as a whole food for increased selenium, iron, and zinc intake: Preliminary results from a 3 year study","volume":"180","author":"Thavarajah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Euphytica"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Sudhir, S.N.F. (2018, September 10). Imported Lentils Laced with Weed Killer. Deccan Chronicle. Available online: https:\/\/deccanchronicle.com\/nation\/current-affairs\/190718\/imported-lentils-laced-with-weed-killer.html."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Mitra, T. (2017). Poison Foods of North America: Guide to Navigating the Glyphosate Mine Field in Our Food Web, Amazon Digital Services LLC."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-010-9344-4","article-title":"Pollution of River Mahaweli and farmlands under irrigation by cadmium from agricultural inputs leading to a chronic renal failure epidemic among farmers in NCP, Sri Lanka","volume":"33","author":"Bandara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.4038\/jccpsl.v17i1.4931","article-title":"Aetiological Factors of Chronic Kidney Disease in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka: A Review of Evidence to-Date","volume":"17","author":"Wanigasuriya","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Coll Community Physicians. Sri Lanka"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"64","article-title":"Possible link of chronic arsenic toxicity to chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka","volume":"3","author":"Jayasumana","year":"2013","journal-title":"JNSR"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2013.10.062","article-title":"CKD of unknown origin in Central America: The case for a Mesoamerican nephropathy","volume":"63","author":"Wesseling","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfx033","article-title":"Con: Mesoamerican nephropathy: Is the problem dehydration or rehydration?","volume":"32","author":"Campese","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1179\/2049396714Y.0000000102","article-title":"Changes in kidney function among Nicaraguan sugarcane workers","volume":"21","author":"Laws","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e253","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000001261","article-title":"Hydration Status, Kidney Function and Kidney Injury in Florida Agricultural Workers","volume":"60","author":"Mix","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.07.007","article-title":"Heat stress, dehydration, and kidney function in sugarcane cutters in El Salvador\u2014A cross-shift study of workers at risk of Mesoamerican nephropathy","volume":"142","author":"Wesseling","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2017.08.012","article-title":"Occupational heat stress and kidney health: From farms to factories","volume":"2","author":"Nerbass","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Rep."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.969","article-title":"Expression of a wheat cytochrome P450 monooxygenase in yeast and its inhibition by glyphosate","volume":"61","author":"Xiang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.3390\/e15041416","article-title":"Glyphosates suppression of cytochrome P450 enzymes and amino acid biosynthesis by the gut microbiome: Pathways to modern diseases","volume":"15","author":"Samsel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"MacMahon, B., and Pugh, T.F. (1960). Epidemiology: Principles and Methods, Little Brown and Co."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1017\/S004317450006375X","article-title":"Inhibition of \u03b4-aminolevulinic acid synthesis by glyphosate","volume":"29","author":"Kitchen","year":"1981","journal-title":"Weed Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2014.03.001","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying the neurotoxicity induced by glyphosate-based herbicide in immature rat hippocampus: Involvement of glutamate excitotoxicity","volume":"320","author":"Cattani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.4024\/03SA16A.jbpc.16.01","article-title":"Glyphosate, pathways to modern diseases V: Amino acid analogue of glycine in diverse proteins","volume":"16","author":"Samsel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biol. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"6","article-title":"Genetically engineered crops, glyphosate and the deterioration of health in the United States of America","volume":"9","author":"Swanson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Org. Syst."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.4172\/2375-446X.1000132","article-title":"The high cost of pesticides: Human and animal diseases","volume":"3","author":"Hoy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Poult. Fish Wildl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"1","article-title":"Does glyphosate acting as a glycine analogue contribute to ALS?","volume":"2","author":"Seneff","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Bioinfo. Proteom. Rev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.4024\/25SA16A.jbpc.17.01","article-title":"Glyphosate pathways to modern diseases VI: Prions, amyloidoses and autoimmune neurological diseases","volume":"17","author":"Samsel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biol. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"2","article-title":"Glyphosate and anencephaly: Death by a thousand cuts","volume":"3","author":"Seneff","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.4172\/2161-0525.1000541","article-title":"Glyphosate substitution for glycine during protein synthesis as a causal factor in Mesoamerican Nephropathy","volume":"8","author":"Seneff","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.4024\/04SE17A.jbpc.17.02","article-title":"Can glyphosates disruption of the gut microbiome and induction of sulfate deficiency explain the epidemic in gout and associated diseases in the industrialized world?","volume":"17","author":"Seneff","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biol. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Ridley, W.P., and Chott, K.A. (1989). Uptake, Depuration and Bioconcentration of C-14 Glyphosate to Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis machrochirus) Part II: Characterization and Quantitation of Glyphosate and its Metabolites, Monsanto Agricultural Company. unpublished study."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-002-0908-0","article-title":"How the mutation glycine 96 to alanine confers glyphosate insensitivity to 5-enolpyruvyl shikimate-3-phosphate synthase from Escherichia coli","volume":"2016","author":"Eschenburg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13010","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0603638103","article-title":"Molecular basis for the herbicide resistance of Roundup Ready crops","volume":"103","author":"Funke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1021\/ar950122","article-title":"Understanding glyphosate\u2019s molecular mode of action with EPSP synthase: Evidence favoring an allosteric inhibitor model","volume":"30","author":"Sikorski","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"564","article-title":"Glyphosate: A Unique Global Herbicide","volume":"12","author":"Franz","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA118.006134","article-title":"Desensitizing plant EPSP synthase to glyphosate: Optimized global sequence context accommodates a glycine-to-alanine change in the active site","volume":"294","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2004.12.057","article-title":"5-Enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase from Staphylococcus aureus is insensitive to glyphosate","volume":"579","author":"Priestman","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22364","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54580-4","article-title":"Site-directed mutagenesis of a conserved region of the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase active site","volume":"266","author":"Padgette","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2016.00191","article-title":"Perinatal exposure to glufosinate ammonium herbicide impairs neurogenesis and neuroblast migration through cytoskeleton destabilization","volume":"10","author":"Herzine","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6964","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0707198104","article-title":"Grass roots chemistry: Meta-Tyrosine, an herbicidal nonprotein amino acid","volume":"104","author":"Bertin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e31818add4a","article-title":"Misincorporation of the proline analog azetidine-2-carboxylic acid in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: A hypothesis","volume":"67","author":"Rubenstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunlop, R.A., Cox, P.A., Banack, S.A., and Rogers, K.J. (2013). The non-protein amino acid BMAA is misincorporated into human proteins in place of L-serine causing protein misfolding and aggregation. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0075376"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.11.003","article-title":"The use of L-serine to prevent \u03b2-methylamino-L- alanine (BMAA)-induced proteotoxic stress in vitro","volume":"109","author":"Main","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wem.2014.08.014","article-title":"Presence of L-canavanine in Hedysarum alpinum seeds and its potential role in the death of Chris McCandless","volume":"26","author":"Krakauer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wilderness Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chauhan, J.S., Mishra, N.K., and Raghava, G.P. (2009). Identification of ATP binding residues of a protein from its primary sequence. BMC Bioinform., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-10-434"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6700","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)39207-5","article-title":"Mechanism of inactivation of Escherichia coli 5-enolpyruvoylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase by o-phthalaldehyde","volume":"265","author":"Huynh","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sagong, H.-Y., Son, H.F., Kim, S., Kim, Y.H., Kim, I.K., and Kim, K.J. (2016). Crystal Structure and Pyridoxal 5\u2032-Phosphate Binding Property of Lysine Decarboxylase from Selenomonas ru- minantium. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166667"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2015.04.023","article-title":"A method for determining \u03b4-aminolevulinic acid synthase activity in homogenized cells and tissues","volume":"48","author":"Bergonia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1039\/C2MB25374G","article-title":"Genome-wide transcriptional responses of Escherichia coli to glyphosate, a potent inhibitor of the shikimate pathway enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase","volume":"9","author":"Lu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Biosyst."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9609","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.162375699","article-title":"How are the ABC transporters energized?","volume":"99","author":"Nikaidok","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1110\/ps.12801","article-title":"Sequence-structure analysis of FAD-containing proteins","volume":"10","author":"Dym","year":"2001","journal-title":"Protein. Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comptc.2014.05.018","article-title":"Interaction between glyphosate and mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase","volume":"1043","author":"Ugarte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Theor. Chem."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1093\/protein\/11.6.457","article-title":"A study of conserved in-loop and out-of-loop glycine residues in the large subunit of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase\/oxygenase by directed mutagenesis","volume":"11","author":"Cheng","year":"1998","journal-title":"Protein. Eng."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4222","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.12.4222-4228.2005","article-title":"Mutagenesis at two distinct phosphate-binding sites unravels their differential roles in regulation of rubisco activation and catalysis","volume":"187","author":"Marcus","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2621","DOI":"10.1021\/jf058166c","article-title":"New insights on glyphosate mode of action in nodular metabolism: Role of shikimate accumulation","volume":"54","author":"Becerril","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e017163391","DOI":"10.1590\/s0100-83582017350100055","article-title":"Influence of glyphosate on susceptible and resistant ryegrass populations to herbicide","volume":"35","author":"Picoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Planta Daninha"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2010.01.004","article-title":"Water use efficiency and photosynthesis of glyphosate-resistant soybean as affected by glyphosate","volume":"97","author":"Zobiole","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-015-0056-1","article-title":"Transcriptome profile analysis reflects rat liver and kidney damage following chronic ultra-low dose Roundup exposure","volume":"14","author":"Mesnage","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10809","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms140610809","article-title":"Chicken cytochrome P450 1A5 is the key enzyme for metabolizing T-2 toxin to 3OH-T-2","volume":"14","author":"Shang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01150308","article-title":"Vitamin D and Kidney Disease","volume":"3","author":"Martin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2009.01.004","article-title":"Role of vitamin D in chronic kidney disease","volume":"29","author":"Patel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2009050494","article-title":"Is calcitriol life-protective for patients with chronic kidney disease?","volume":"20","author":"Thadhani","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2009.06.090037","article-title":"Vitamin D: An evidence-based review","volume":"22","author":"Kulie","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Board Fam. Med."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Syed, K., and Mashele, S.S. (2014). Comparative analysis of P450 signature motifs EXXR and CXG in the large and diverse kingdom of fungi: Identification of evolutionarily conserved amino acid patterns characteristic of P450 family. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0095616"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1110\/ps.8.2.298","article-title":"Crystal structure of the FMN-binding domain of human cytochrome P450 reductase at 1.93 A resolution","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"1999","journal-title":"Protein Sci."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"3","article-title":"Nutritional Aspect of Tryptophan Metabolism","volume":"6","author":"Fukuwatari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Tryptophan. Res."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez Cetina Biefer, H., Vasudevan, A., and Elkhal, A. (2017). Aspects of tryptophan and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in immunity: A new twist in an old tale. Int. J. Tryptophan. Res.","DOI":"10.1177\/1178646917713491"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1983.tb01876.x","article-title":"Effects of phenoxyherbicides and glyphosate on the hepatic and intestinal biotransformation activities in the rat","volume":"53","author":"Hietanen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. (Copenh)"},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"42","article-title":"Aluminum and glyphosate can synergistically induce pineal gland pathology: Connection to gut dysbiosis and neurological disease","volume":"6","author":"Seneff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1989.290","article-title":"Site and mechanism of enhanced gastrointestinal absorption of aluminum by citrate","volume":"36","author":"Froment","year":"1989","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.4038\/jnsfsr.v37i3.1217","article-title":"Dissolution of aluminum from sub-standard utensils under high fluoride stress. Possible risk factor for chronic renal failure in North Central Province","volume":"37","author":"Illeperuma","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Natl. Sci. Found. Sri Lanka"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s12199-011-0243-9","article-title":"Tubulointerstitial damage as the major pathological lesion in endemic chronic kidney disease among farmers in North Central Province of Sri Lanka","volume":"17","author":"Nanayakkara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Health Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(12)80971-1","article-title":"Mechanisms of progressive renal disease in glomerulonephritis","volume":"23","author":"Couser","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2007050532","article-title":"A new look at platelet-derived growth factor in renal disease","volume":"19","author":"Floege","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2009.74","article-title":"Fibroblast activation and myofibroblast generation in obstructive nephropathy","volume":"5","author":"Grande","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2015.00082","article-title":"TGF-\/Smad signaling in renal fibrosis","volume":"6","author":"Meng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.7.1056","article-title":"Diverse roles of TGF-\/Smads in renal fibrosis and inflammation","volume":"7","author":"Lan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6231","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1996.tb01013.x","article-title":"Phosphorylation of Ser165 in TGF-beta type I receptor modulates TGF-beta1-induced cellular responses","volume":"15","author":"Souchelnytskyi","year":"1996","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-264-9_6","article-title":"Use of phospho-site substitutions to analyze the biological relevance of phosphorylation events in regulatory networks","volume":"779","author":"Dissmeyer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2008.08.019","article-title":"Evolution of phosphorylation-dependent regulation of activation-induced cytidine deaminase","volume":"32","author":"Basu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.03.044","article-title":"PPM1A functions as a Smad phosphatase to terminate TGFbeta signaling","volume":"125","author":"Lin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.10.006","article-title":"Serine\/threonine phosphatases: Mechanism through structure","volume":"139","author":"Shi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, F., and Zhuang, S. (2016). Role of Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling in Renal Fibrosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17060972"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20170134","article-title":"Nintedanib, a triple tyrosine kinase inhibitor, attenuates renal fibrosis in chronic kidney disease","volume":"131","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2010090956","article-title":"Suramin inhibits renal fibrosis in chronic kidney disease","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"634","article-title":"Functional significance of conserved Glycine 127 in a human dual-specificity protein tyrosine phosphatase","volume":"68","author":"Zeng","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.4236\/odem.2014.23007","article-title":"Pesticide-Handling Practices in Agriculture in El Salvador: An Example from 42 Patient Farmers with Chronic Kidney Disease in the Bajo Lempa Region","volume":"2","author":"Quinteros","year":"2014","journal-title":"Occup. Dis. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_125","unstructured":"Conlong, D.E., and Campbell, P.L. (2010, January 25\u201327). Integrated weed management for sugarcane field verges: Melinis minutiflora and Cynodon dactylon encroachment. Proceedings of the Annual Congress\u2014South African Sugar Technologists\u2019 Association 2010, Durban, South Africa. No.83."},{"key":"ref_126","unstructured":"Gravois, K. (2018, October 15). Sugarcane Ripener Recommendations. LSU AgCenter. Available online: https:\/\/www.lsuagcenter.com\/topics\/crops\/sugarcane\/harvesting_and_processing\/sugarcane-ripener-recommendations--glyphosate."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(97)00088-7","article-title":"The cytotoxic effect of paraquat to isolated renal proximal tubular segments from rabbits","volume":"122","author":"Friis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2476","DOI":"10.1021\/mp200395f","article-title":"Deficiency of multidrug and toxin extrusion 1 enhances renal accumulation of paraquat and deteriorates kidney injury in mice","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91085","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.19555","article-title":"Orellanine specifically targets renal clear cell carcinoma","volume":"8","author":"Buvall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1177\/096032719601501202","article-title":"Characterisation and Uptake of Paraquat by Rat Renal Proximal Tubular Cells in Primary Culture","volume":"15","author":"Chan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_131","unstructured":"Holmdahl, J. (2001). Mushroom Poisoning: Cortinarius Speciosissimus Nephrotoxicity, University of Gothenburg."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(79)90493-9","article-title":"The acute toxic effects of paraquat and diquat on the rat kidney","volume":"50","author":"Lock","year":"1979","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1998.tb01470.x","article-title":"Transport of paraquat by isolated renal proximal tubular segments from rabbits","volume":"83","author":"Friis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27971","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.386979","article-title":"Twelve transmembrane helices form the functional core of mammalian MATE1 (multidrug and toxin extruder 1) protein","volume":"287","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1038\/jhg.2008.1","article-title":"Identification of multidrug and toxin extrusion (MATE1 and MATE2-K) variants with complete loss of transport activity","volume":"54","author":"Kajiwara","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfu141","article-title":"MDR1 transporter protects against paraquat-induced toxicity in human and mouse proximal tubule cells","volume":"141","author":"Wen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-014-1193-y","article-title":"Induction and activation of P-glycoprotein by dihydroxylated xanthones protect against the cytotoxicity of the P-glycoprotein substrate paraquat","volume":"88","author":"Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30115","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M302443200","article-title":"A structural model for the open conformation of the mdr1 P-glycoprotein based on the MsbA crystal structure","volume":"278","author":"Seigneuret","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-018-1892-z","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis supports viral infection and fluoride toxicity as contributors to chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka","volume":"50","author":"Sayanthooran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins6020608","article-title":"Deficient glutathione in the pathophysiology of mycotoxin-related illness","volume":"6","author":"Guilford","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2013.06.043","article-title":"Roundup disrupts male reproductive functions by triggering calcium mediated cell death in rat testis and Sertoli cells","volume":"65","author":"Cattani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1177\/003693307502000309","article-title":"Elevation of serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in end-stage chronic renal failure","volume":"20","author":"Fine","year":"1975","journal-title":"Scott. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_143","first-page":"267","article-title":"High levels of both serum gamma-glutamyl transferase and alkaline phosphatase are independent predictors of mortality in patients with stage 4-5 chronic kidney disease","volume":"37","author":"Azevedo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nefrologia"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.834959","article-title":"The role of glutathione in detoxication","volume":"49","author":"Ketterer","year":"1983","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M209581200","article-title":"Contribution of glycine 146 to a conserved folding module affecting stability and refolding of human glutathione transferase p1-1","volume":"278","author":"Kong","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1110\/ps.035352.108","article-title":"What is the role of the second \u201cstructural\u201d NADP+-binding site in human glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase?","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Protein Sci."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1107\/S0907444905002350","article-title":"Structural studies of glucose-6-phosphate and NADP+ binding to human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase","volume":"61","author":"Kotaka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr. D"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5171","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.14.5171","article-title":"Diverse point mutations in the human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase gene cause enzyme deficiency and mild or severe hemolytic anemia","volume":"85","author":"Vulliamy","year":"1988","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.18388\/abp.2007_3192","article-title":"Molecular analysis of three novel G6PD variants: G6PD Pedoplis-Ckaro, G6PD Piotrkow and G6PD Krakow","volume":"54","author":"Maciag","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Pol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, H., Chen, J., Ding, F., Chou, X., Zhang, X., Wan, Y., Hu, J., and Wu, Q. (2019). Activation of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor is involved in glyphosate-induced renal proximal tubule cell apoptosis. J. Appl. Toxicol., 1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3795"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200510-109JH","article-title":"The aquaporin water channels","volume":"3","author":"Agre","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_152","first-page":"F3","article-title":"Molecular physiology of urinary concentrating mechanism: Regulation of aquaporin water channels by vasopressin","volume":"272","author":"Knepper","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1051","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.90202.2008","article-title":"Dehydration-induced increase in aquaporin-2 protein abundance is blocked by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs","volume":"298","author":"Baggaley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_154","first-page":"56","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of chronic kidney disease of non-traditional causes in women of agricultural communities in El Salvador","volume":"83","author":"Orantes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2192","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0409232102","article-title":"Conversion of aquaporin 6 from an anion channel to a water-selective channel by a single amino acid substitution","volume":"102","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4038\/cjs.v46i1.7413","article-title":"Toxin producing freshwater cyanobacteria of Sri Lanka","volume":"46","author":"Kulasooriya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ceylon J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1093\/pcp\/pcn021","article-title":"Biochemical bases for a widespread tolerance of cyanobacteria to the phosphonate herbicide glyphosate","volume":"49","author":"Forlani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-017-1231-2","article-title":"Glyphosate dose modulates the uptake of inorganic phosphate by freshwater cyanobacteria","volume":"30","author":"Drzyzga","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1522-7278(199902)14:1<143::AID-TOX18>3.0.CO;2-H","article-title":"Hepatic and renal toxicity of the blue-green alga (cyanobacterium) Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in male Swiss albino mice","volume":"14","author":"Falconer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szab\u00f3, A., Szab\u00f3-Fodor, J., F\u00e9bel, H., M\u00e9zes, M., Balogh, K., B\u00e1z\u00e1r, G., Kocs\u00f3, D., Ali, O., and Kov\u00e1cs, M. (2018). Individual and combined effects of Fumonisin B1, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone on the hepatic and renal membrane lipid integrity of rats. Toxins, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10010004"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-011-0301-4","article-title":"Mycotoxin detection in urine samples from patients with chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology in Sri Lanka","volume":"87","author":"Desalegn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3920\/WMJ2009.1184","article-title":"Transformation of zearalenone to zearalenone-sulfate by Aspergillus spp.","volume":"3","author":"Jard","year":"2010","journal-title":"World Mycotoxin J."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-014-8340-4","article-title":"Deoxynivalenol-sulfates: Identification and quantification of novel conjugated (masked) mycotoxins in wheat","volume":"407","author":"Warth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14393","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-6596-2","article-title":"Multiple effects of a commercial Roundup\u00ae formulation on the soil filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans at low doses: Evidence of an unexpected impact on energetic metabolism","volume":"23","author":"Nicolas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8176","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.18.8176","article-title":"The 3\u2032-terminal exon of the family of steroid and phenol sulfotransferase genes is spliced at the N-terminal glycine of the universally conserved GXXGXXK motif that forms the sulfonate donor binding site","volume":"92","author":"Chiba","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_166","unstructured":"Willer, H., and Yussefi, M. (2007). Organic Farming Worldwide 2007: Overview & Main Statistics. The World of Organic Agriculture\u2014Statistics and Emerging Trends 2007, International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements IFOAM, Research Institute of Organic. Chapter 3."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1007\/s12199-016-0580-9","article-title":"Reverse osmosis plant maintenance and efficacy in chronic kidney disease endemic region in Sri Lanka","volume":"21","author":"Jayasumana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Health Prev. Med."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/16\/15\/2734\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:11:42Z","timestamp":1760188302000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/16\/15\/2734"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,31]]},"references-count":167,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph16152734"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16152734","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,31]]}}}