{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T18:28:16Z","timestamp":1790965696908,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,7]],"date-time":"2019-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000200","name":"United States Agency for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OSRO\/GLO\/507\/USA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OSRO\/GLO\/507\/USA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Approximately 1500 people die annually due to rabies in the United Republic of Tanzania. Moshi, in the Kilimanjaro Region, reported sporadic cases of human rabies between 2017 and 2018. In response and following a One Health approach, we implemented surveillance, monitoring, as well as a mass vaccinations of domestic pets concurrently in &gt;150 villages, achieving a 74.5% vaccination coverage (n = 29, 885 dogs and cats) by September 2018. As of April 2019, no single human or animal case has been recorded. We have observed a disparity between awareness and knowledge levels of community members on rabies epidemiology. Self-adherence to protective rabies vaccination in animals was poor due to the challenges of costs and distances to vaccination centers, among others. Incidence of dog bites was high and only a fraction (65%) of dog bite victims (humans) received post-exposure prophylaxis. A high proportion of unvaccinated dogs and cats and the relative intense interactions with wild dog species at interfaces were the risk factors for seropositivity to rabies virus infection in dogs. A percentage of the previously vaccinated dogs remained unimmunized and some unvaccinated dogs were seropositive. Evidence of community engagement and multi-coordinated implementation of One Health in Moshi serves as an example of best practice in tackling zoonotic diseases using multi-level government efforts. The district-level establishment of the One Health rapid response team (OHRRT), implementation of a carefully structured routine vaccination campaign, improved health education, and the implementation of barriers between domestic animals and wildlife at the interfaces are necessary to reduce the burden of rabies in Moshi and communities with similar profiles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16162816","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,7]],"date-time":"2019-08-07T10:56:38Z","timestamp":1565175398000},"page":"2816","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Ecological and Epidemiological Findings Associated with Zoonotic Rabies Outbreaks and Control in Moshi, Tanzania, 2017\u20132018"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Niwael","family":"Mtui-Malamsha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dar es Salaam 14111, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raphael","family":"Sallu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dar es Salaam 14111, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gladys R.","family":"Mahiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Studies, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania"},{"name":"One Health Central and Eastern Africa, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hussein","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Studies, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania"},{"name":"One Health Central and Eastern Africa, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moses","family":"OleNeselle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dar es Salaam 14111, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bachana","family":"Rubegwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dar es Salaam 14111, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6273-7946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel S.","family":"Swai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Dodoma 41000, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selemani","family":"Makungu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Dodoma 41000, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward G.","family":"Otieno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Central and Eastern Africa, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medeicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro 67000, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athuman M.","family":"Lupindu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Central and Eastern Africa, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medeicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro 67000, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erick","family":"Komba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Central and Eastern Africa, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medeicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro 67000, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robinson","family":"Mdegela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Central and Eastern Africa, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medeicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro 67000, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justine A.","family":"Assenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Dodoma 41000, Tanzania"},{"name":"One Health Coordination Desk, Prime Minister\u2019s Office, Dodoma 41000, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jubilate","family":"Bernard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Coordination Desk, Prime Minister\u2019s Office, Dodoma 41000, Tanzania"},{"name":"Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children, Dodoma 41000, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Marandu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"District Veterinary Office, Moshi District 25101, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Warioba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zonal Veterinary Center, Arusha 23000, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zacharia","family":"Makondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dar es Salaam 15101, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jelly","family":"Chang\u2019a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dar es Salaam 15101, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Furaha","family":"Mramba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dar es Salaam 15101, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hezron","family":"Nonga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Dodoma 41000, Tanzania"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medeicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro 67000, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Japhet","family":"Killewo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Studies, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania"},{"name":"One Health Central and Eastern Africa, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred","family":"Kafeero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dar es Salaam 14111, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yilma 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