{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T02:24:27Z","timestamp":1791339867954,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,12]],"date-time":"2019-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Work ability research started in Finland in the 1990s due to the challenges of work force aging. The employment rates of older workers (55+) were below 40% and early retirement and work disability rates were rather common in many European countries. The work ability concept and methods were developed and broad international research activities started in the 1990s. A comprehensive promotion model for work ability was created aiming to prevent work ability from declining during aging. However, to be able to impact the work ability is a complicated and difficult task, and requires effects on human resources, work arrangements, and management. Therefore, only a limited number of intervention studies have shown an improvement of work ability during aging. This article introduces some possibilities regarding how to make work ability interventions more successful.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16162882","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,13]],"date-time":"2019-08-13T04:31:21Z","timestamp":1565670681000},"page":"2882","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":98,"title":["From Work Ability Research to Implementation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Juhani","family":"Ilmarinen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Juhani Ilmarinen Consulting Ltd., Ruuvitie2, 01650 Vantaa, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1304","article-title":"Work Ability\u2014A comprehensive concept for occupational health research and prevention. Editorial","volume":"35","author":"Ilmarinen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Czaja, J.S., and Sharit, J. (2009). Aging and Work: Issues and Implications in a Changing Landscape, The Johns Hopkins University Press."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor, P. (2013). Older Workers in an Ageing Society: Critical Topics in Research and Policy, Edward Elgar.","DOI":"10.4337\/9781782540106.00005"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finkelstein, L., Truxillo, M., Donald, M., Fraccaroli, F., and Kanfer, R. (2015). Facing the Challenges of a Multi-Age Workforce: A Use-Inspired Approach, Routhledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203776322"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Ilmarinen, J. (2006). Towards a Longer Worklife: Ageing and the Quality of Worklife in the European Union."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"8","article-title":"Work ability of the aging worker","volume":"17","author":"Ilmarinen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"49","article-title":"Changes in the work ability of active employees over an 11-year period","volume":"23","author":"Ilmarinen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"134","article-title":"Work place interventions to improve work ability: A systematic review and meta-analysis of their effectiveness","volume":"44","author":"Oakman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Nyg\u00e5rd, C.H., Savinainen, M., Kirsi, T., and Lumme-Sandt, K. (2011). 30 years\u2019 work ability and 20 years\u2019 age management. Age Management during Life Course, Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on Work Ability, Tampere, Finland, 6\u20139 June 2010, Tampere University Press."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Gould, R., Ilmarinen, J., J\u00e4rvisalo, J., and Koskinen, S. (2008). Dimensions of Work Ability: Results of the Health 2000 Survey, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH)."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Nyg\u00e5rd, C.H., Savinainen, M., Kirsi, T., and Lumme-Sandt, K. (2011). Work Ability Coaching\u2014A new tool encouraging individuals, business and industries to handle the demographic change process. Age Management during Life Course, Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on Work Ability, Tampere, Finland, 6\u20139 June 2010, Tampere University Press."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Nyg\u00e5rd, C.H., Savinainen, M., Kirsi, T., and Lumme-Sandt, K. (2010, January 6\u20139). Age Management during Life Course. Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on Work Ability, Tampere, Finland."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2015.1005167","article-title":"Examining the factorial structure, measurement invariance and convergent and discriminant validity of a novel self-report measure of work ability: Personal radar","volume":"58","author":"Ilmarinen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pfeffer, J., and Sutton, R. (2000). The Knowing-Doing Gap: How smart Companies Turn Knowledge into Action, Harvard Business School Press.","DOI":"10.1108\/scm.2001.6.3.142.1"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Kumashiro, M. (2003). Changes in Work Ablity Index of Aging Workers Reated to Participation in Activities for Promotion Health and Work Ability: A 3-year Program. Aging and Work, Taylor and Francis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finkelstein, L.M., Truxillo, D.M., Fraccaroli, F., and Kanfer, R. (2015). Work Ability and Aging. Facing the Challences of a Multi-Age Workforce: A Use-Inspired Approach, Routhledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203776322"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Kumashiro, M. (2003). Company-Level Strategies for Promotion of Well-Being, Work Ability and Total Productivity. Aging and Work, Taylor and Francis."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1249","article-title":"Strategic Wellness Management in Finland. The First National Survey of the Management of Employee Well-being","volume":"52","author":"Aura","year":"2010","journal-title":"JOEM"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Tempel, J., and Ilmarinen, J. (2013). Arbeitsleben 2025: Das Haus der Arbeitsf\u00e4higkeit im Unternehmen Bauen, VSA Verlag."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Kumashiro, M. (2003). Occupational Gerontology: The Science Aimed at Older Employees. Aging and Work, Taylor and Francis."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Nyg\u00e5rd, C.H., Savinainen, M., Kirsi, T., and Lumme-Sandt, K. (2011). Occupational Gerontology. Age Management during Life Course, Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on Work Ability, Tampere, Finland, 6\u20139 June 2010, Tampere University Press."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E235","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.100713","article-title":"Midlife work ability predicts late-life disability: A 28-year prospective follow-up","volume":"183","author":"Seitsamo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nyg\u00e5rd, C.H., and Rantanen, T. (2017). Need for methods for measuring capacity and incapacity from working life to old age. Occup. Environ. Med., 74.","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2017-104291"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/16\/16\/2882\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:10:35Z","timestamp":1760188235000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/16\/16\/2882"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,12]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph16162882"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16162882","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,12]]}}}