{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T04:20:47Z","timestamp":1789878047586,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,22]],"date-time":"2019-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-ES030300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-ES030300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K12-ES019852"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K12-ES019852"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30-ES001247"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30-ES001247"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30-ES023515"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30-ES023515"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32-ES007271"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32-ES007271"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Child blood lead concentrations have been associated with measures of immune dysregulation in nationally representative study samples. However, response to vaccination\u2014often considered the gold standard in immunotoxicity testing\u2014has not been examined in relation to typical background lead concentrations common among U.S. children. The present study estimated the association between blood lead concentrations and antigen-specific antibody levels to measles, mumps, and rubella in a nationally representative sample of 7005 U.S. children aged 6\u201317 years. Data from the 1999\u20132004 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were used. In the adjusted models, children with blood lead concentrations between 1 and 5 \u00b5g\/dL had an 11% lower anti-measles (95% CI: \u221216, \u22125) and a 6% lower anti-mumps antibody level (95% CI: \u221211, \u22122) compared to children with blood lead concentrations &lt;1 \u00b5g\/dL. The odds of a seronegative anti-measles antibody level was approximately two-fold greater for children with blood lead concentrations between 1 and 5 \u00b5g\/dL compared to children with blood lead concentrations &lt;1 \u00b5g\/dL (OR = 2.0, 95% CI: 1.4, 3.1). The adverse associations observed in the present study provide further evidence of potential immunosuppression at blood lead concentrations &lt;5 \u00b5g\/dL, the present Centers for Disease Control and Prevention action level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16173035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,23]],"date-time":"2019-08-23T10:15:07Z","timestamp":1566555307000},"page":"3035","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Blood Lead Concentrations and Antibody Levels to Measles, Mumps, and Rubella among U.S. Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3194-6718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Todd A.","family":"Jusko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyra","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Greener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Oktapodas Feiler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Thevenet-Morrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. Paige","family":"Lawrence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert O.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally W.","family":"Thurston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1080\/10408440500534297","article-title":"Lead and immune function","volume":"36","author":"Dietert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit. 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