{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T01:14:15Z","timestamp":1771809255798,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]],"date-time":"2019-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A low serum high-density lipoproteins-cholesterol (HDL-C) level is a risk factor of cardiovascular disease and dementia. On the other hand, no study has elucidated the correlation between household income and the HDL-C level in the adult population. In the present study, 5535 subjects (20\u201380 year-old individuals) were selected from the Korean national health and nutrition examination survey 2017 (KNHANES VII-2, n = 2469 men, n = 3066 women). They were classified into five levels of household income grades ranging from one (the lowest) to five (the highest). They were also classified according to the HDL-C level: category 1 (&lt;40 mg\/dL, n = 943), category 2 (40\u201349 mg\/dL, n = 1764), category 3 (50\u201359 mg\/dL, n = 1572), category 4 (60\u201369 mg\/dL, n = 820), and category 5 (\u226570 mg\/dL, n = 436). Generally, in both genders, a higher HDL-C level is associated with a larger percentage of income grades 4 and 5. Moreover, the lowest HDL-C group showed the largest percentage of income grade 1. In both groups, a significant increase in the average income grade was associated with a concomitant increase in the HDL-C level (men, p = 0.03, women, p &lt; 0.001). In the low HDL-C category, a lower income grade is associated directly with a lower HDL-C level, which suggests that poverty is associated directly with a low HDL-C. Women showed a 3.3-fold higher incidence of dementia than men did at later-life. The sharp decrease in HDL-C in the female group older than 50 was accompanied by a dramatic increase in the incidence of dementia. However, the male group showed a relatively mild decrease in the HDL-C level after mid-life and weak elevation in the incidence of dementia. In conclusion, in both genders, the lower income group showed a larger prevalence of low-HDL-C levels. The decrease in HDL-C after middle age was strongly associated with the considerable increase in dementia in later-life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16183329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]],"date-time":"2019-09-10T10:52:26Z","timestamp":1568112746000},"page":"3329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Decrease in HDL-C is Associated with Age and Household Income in Adults from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017: Correlation Analysis of Low HDL-C and Poverty"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1198-4140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyung-Hyun","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LipoLab, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Korea"},{"name":"RayDel Lipoprotein Research Center, Daegu 41061, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Smart-Aging Convergence Research Center, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 705-717, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hye-Jeong","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LipoLab, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Korea"},{"name":"RayDel Lipoprotein Research Center, Daegu 41061, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suk-Jeong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LipoLab, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Korea"},{"name":"RayDel Lipoprotein Research Center, Daegu 41061, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jae-Ryong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Smart-Aging Convergence Research Center, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 705-717, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"34","article-title":"Shared metabolic and immune-inflammatory, oxidative and nitrosative stress pathways in the metabolic syndrome and mood disorders","volume":"78","author":"Nunes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. 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