{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T10:47:17Z","timestamp":1792061237529,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,24]],"date-time":"2019-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007465","name":"Universitetet i Troms\u00f8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Account 6821, department 450000, project 551011, VAT code 8U."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Account 6821, department 450000, project 551011, VAT code 8U."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007465","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to determine the incidence of pre-eclampsia and distribution of risk factors of pre-eclampsia at Paropakar Maternity and Women\u2019s Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. A retrospective study included 4820 pregnant women from 17 September to 18 December 2017. Data were obtained from the medical records of the hospital\u2019s Statistics Department. Associations between the risk factors and pre-eclampsia were determined using logistic regression analysis and expressed as odds ratios. The incidence rate of pre-eclampsia in the study population was 1.8%. Higher incidence of pre-eclampsia was observed for women older than 35 years (Adjusted Odds Ratio, AOR)= 3.27; (Confidence Interval, CI 1.42\u20137.52) in comparison to mothers aged 20\u201324 years, primiparous women (AOR = 2.12; CI 1.25\u20133.60), women with gestational age less than 37 weeks (AOR = 3.68; CI 2.23\u20136.09), twins pregnancy (AOR = 8.49; CI 2.92\u201324.72), chronic hypertension (AOR = 13.64; CI 4.45\u201341.81), urinary tract infection (AOR = 6.89; CI 1.28\u201336.95) and gestational diabetes (AOR = 11.79; CI 3.20\u201343.41). Iron and calcium supplementation appear to be protective. Age of the mothers, primiparity, early gestational age, twin pregnancy, chronic hypertension, urinary tract infection and gestational diabetes were the significant risk factors for pre-eclampsia. Iron and calcium supplementation and young aged women were somewhat protective.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16193571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,25]],"date-time":"2019-09-25T03:51:18Z","timestamp":1569383478000},"page":"3571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Incidence and Risk Factors of Pre-Eclampsia in the Paropakar Maternity and Women\u2019s Hospital, Nepal: A Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5170-1622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seema","family":"Das","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rupesh","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Janaki Medical College Teaching Hospital, Janakpur 45700, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rashmita","family":"Bajracharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology and Gerontology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gehanath","family":"Baral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Academy of Medical Sciences, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bina","family":"Jabegu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Janaki Medical College Teaching Hospital, Janakpur 45700, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon \u00d8yvind","family":"Odland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Troms\u00f8, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4340-7145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Lisa","family":"Odland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2014.02.001","article-title":"The classification, diagnosis and management of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: A revised statement from the ISSHP","volume":"4","author":"Tranquilli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pregnancy hypertens"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"97","article-title":"Pre-eclampsia research in the Norwegian mother and child cohort study","volume":"24","author":"Magnus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Norsk. 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