{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T03:09:18Z","timestamp":1788059358099,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 AA015134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 AA015134"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: Determine the prevalence of Dop, a system of labor payment via alcoholic beverages, in a South African province, and its influence on maternal drinking and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Methods: Data from studies of FASD epidemiology were analyzed. Results: Forty-two percent to 67% of mothers reported drinking. In 1999, 5% of women reported Dop allocations in their lifetime: 14% of mothers of FASD children and 1% of controls. In 2010, 1.1% of mothers reported lifetime Dop: 1.6% of FASD mothers and 0.7% of controls. Commercial alcohol sales have replaced the Dop system. Total FASD rates remained high in rural areas in 2010 and rose in urban settings. Urban rates of total FASD surpassed rural area rates in 2010. Correlation analysis did not reveal a strong or significant, direct relationship between Dop experience and heavy drinking (r = 0.123, p &lt; 0.001, r2 = 0.015), or the diagnosis of FASD in children (OR = 0.003, p = 0.183). Conclusion: Dop, as a systematic practice, is dead and does not have a direct influence on alcohol availability, heavy maternal drinking, or the probability of an FASD diagnosis. Nevertheless, today\u2019s problematic drinking patterns were heavily influenced (shaped) by Dop and have negatively impacted the prevalence and severity of FASD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16193701","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T11:11:16Z","timestamp":1569928276000},"page":"3701","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["\u201cThe Dop System of Alcohol Distribution is Dead, but It\u2019s Legacy Lives On\u2026.\u201d"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Philip","family":"May","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Research Institute, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC 27599, USA"},{"name":"Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna-Susan","family":"Marais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlene","family":"De Vries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Hasken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Research Institute, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Stegall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Research Institute, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2947-4651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dixie","family":"Hedrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Research Institute, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cudore","family":"Snell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work, Howard University, Washington 20059, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soraya","family":"Seedat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9787-2785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles","family":"Parry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa"},{"name":"Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Research Unit, South African MedicalResearch Council, Cape Town 7505, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1092","article-title":"Farm workers in South Africa-the challenge of eradicating alcohol abuse and the legacy of the \u201cdop\u201d system","volume":"88","author":"London","year":"1998","journal-title":"S. 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